MB 6 Pets A

Charagma Watch (July 22, 2003)
An Annotated Update of
"Evaluation of the Church in the U.S.A." (1982, 1983)
by John and Sylvia Ronsvalle, empty tomb, inc., Champaign, IL

VI.

RFID Microchip Implants: Pets and Other Animals

Posted: November 5, 2003

Introduction

Microchipping of pets preceded that of humans by some 20 years. The historical development of pet microchipping is of added interest insofar as it may provide insights into various future developments and issues related to the microchipping of humans.

Number of Pets Chipped in the United States, and Timeframe for Spreading

December 22, 2001 Philadelphia AP Story

A December 22, 2001 Philadelphia AP story provides a brief overview of the history and extent of microchipping within the United States:

In the last few years, millions of dogs and cats-as well as tigers and other unusual pets-have been implanted with these microchips, which are encoded with unique numbers to make identifying lost, stolen or abandoned animals a snap...

Microchip implantation has been around since the 1980s but was relatively rare until the mid-1990s, when chipmakers introduced a universal scanner that could read every model.

Scanners are now found in most shelters and animal control agencies across the country, according to Mary Madsen, a customer service supervisor for AVID Identification Systems Inc. Norco, Calif.-based AVID is one of two dominant chipmakers. As of last year, 2.5 million pets were listed in the company database.

The American Kennel Club operates the other database, which contains more than 1.1 million pets and is affiliated with Schering-Plough Animal Health, distributor of the HomeAgain chip.

Most of the pets in the AKC database are dogs (842,645) and cats (265,349). However, HomeAgain chips, made by Destron Fearing Corp., can also be found in birds, horses, rabbits, tigers, monkeys, seals and many other unusual pets.

More than 70,000 lost pets have been reunited with their owners since the AKC program's inception in 1995, said Associate Director Keith Frazier.³⁹

April 19, 2000 Albany, NY, AP Story

An April 19, 2000 Albany, NY, Associated Press story provides a somewhat different perspective:

Several companies manufacture the chip, which has grown steadily in popularity. California-based Avid Inc. registered 608 pets in 1996, but that grew to 4,414 in 1999, according to company spokesman Mike Tuttle.

"We've sold about 7 million microchips to shelter operators and veterinarians," Tuttle said. "Shelters in big cities like Phoenix, St. Louis and New York City have all been using the chip for several years."⁴⁰

National Animal Interest Alliance (NAIA)

An article published on the NAIA Web site points out that the American Kennel Club enrollment includes animals "identified with a chip or tattoos." The article also provides information related to the growth of the microchip system:

But the American Kennel Club has a CAR that can help... This CAR is the Companion Animal Recovery program, AKC's partnership with Schering-Plough Animal Health that installs microchips under the skin and enrolls the chip number in a data base, making it possible to identify any animal and many inanimate possessions with an injection and an enrollment fee. Dubbed "Home Again," the microchips are the size of a grain of rice and have an imbedded number unique to each chip...

Microchips have been available for several years, but until the development of a universal scanner that reads all available chips, many shelters were reluctant to scan incoming pets, offer microchip clinics to the public, or install chips in adopted animals. In addition, stories about the chips moving under the skin after injection were bandied about. Then came two breakthroughs: Schering-Plough and microchip company Destron Fearing introduced a new chip held in place by a bio-glue and in 1996 came up with a universal scanner.

In 1995, AKC became the registrar for the Schering Plough Home Again microchip system. And along with registering animals chipped through the Home Again program, CAR also accepted enrollment of any animal identified with a chip or tattoos. By September 11, 1995, 10,000 animals were enrolled, and the number topped 325,000 by the end of 1998.⁴¹

The American Kennel Club Companion Animal Recovery (CAR)

An American Kennel Club Companion Animal Recovery Web page states:

Over one million pet owners are now participating in the AKC-CAR program, which is the largest direct-to-owner database of microchipped pets in the United States.⁴²

Grand Forks Air Force Base's The Leader Online

The June 15, 2001 edition of The Leader Online contains the following numbers:

As of April 1, the AKC Companion Animal Recovery Program has more than 866,000 pets enrolled, and has had 46,729 pets safely recovered and returned home due to the HomeAgain microchip identification system.⁴³

Digital Angel: 2000

A Digital Angel Web site with a 2000 copyright date reports on the number of pets microchipped with its system:

In addition, Digital Angel is:... The worldwide leader in pet recovery with approximately 1 million pets in the U.S...protected by Digital Angel Animal Identification Systems Division patented microchips.⁴⁴

Digital Angel: 2002

A May 8, 2002, article on Bloomberg.com stated:

Randolph K. Geissler, chief executive officer of Digital Angel Corp. (Amex: DOC) was interviewed yesterday on CEOcast.com...

The recorded interview can be accessed at http://www.ceocast.com through May 13, 2002...

Digital Angel chips have been implanted in more than 10 million pets so far during the past eight years...⁴⁵

PetPlace.com: 2001 Article

A 2001 PetPlace.com article: number of registered animals

A 2001 PetPlace.com article details information about the number of registered animals:

Today, more than a million pets are registered with either the American Kennel Club's Companion Animal Recovery system (which uses the HomeAgain system) or American Veterinary Identification Devices. And more than 150,000 lost pets have been reunited with their owners through these systems.⁴⁶

A 2001 PetPlace.com article: microchips AVID and HomeAgain have sold

The article goes on to provide more specific information about the number of microchips AVID and HomeAgain have sold.

AVID

To date, AVID has sold several million microchips. According to a spokesperson, a pet is reunited with their owner every 32 minutes. Currently, over 142, 000 lost pets have been returned home...⁴⁷

HomeAgain

To date, HomeAgain has sold over 500,000 microchips and over 34,000 pets have been reunited with their owners.⁴⁸

Associated Press: Washington Post: 2002 Article

A February 11, 2002, Washington Post article includes information about the number of animals that have been chipped:

More than 3.5 million pets have been "chipped."⁴⁹

10.

Scripps Howard News Service 2000 Article

A July 10, 2000 story stated that:

Teddi the terrier .. is one of more than 1.6 million pets whose owners have opted for microchips to tag their animals...

While pets with chips constitute a little over 1 percent of the nation's 120 million dogs and cats, more and more owners are taking advantage of the technology a decade after it was introduced.⁵⁰

11.

WorldNetDaily 2000 Article

An August 7, 2000 story stated that:

Approximately 3 million animals nationwide and about 7 million worldwide have been implanted with the chips.⁵¹

Universal Standard for Scanners

A July 10, 2000 Scripps Howard News Service story stated that:

Industry infighting slowed the spread of microchips, but now chip-makers Schering-Plough Animal Health, AVID and InfoPet have established a universal standard for scanners that lets veterinarians, shelter operators or animal-control officers read chips the way a supermarket checker reads bar codes on grocery items.⁵²

This article then provides brief descriptive information about the three Schering-Plough, AVID and InfoPet products:

Schering-Plough Animal Health

'The chips are... a lot easier than animal tattoos that used to identify pets,' says Marta Lewis of the American Kennel Club's Companion Animal Recovery.

"The kennel club has operated its registry around the clock for six years, for the more than 633,000 pets that have received the Schering-Plough HomeAgain chips. Registering... has resulted in the return of 32,168 pets, almost 100 percent recovery for pets lost but registered through AKC."⁵³

AVID

"AVID-the American Veterinary Identification Device-registers its FriendChip through a PeTRAC system that also is open around the clock."⁵⁴

InfoPet

"The InfoPet system outside the United States has compatible scanners for Americans who take pets abroad."⁵⁵

A March 15, 2001 Wired News story comments on the current lack of standardization from the perspective of one actual institutional user.

Kathy Jenks, director of Ventura County, CA department of animal regulation indicates that, in practice, standardization has not yet been fully implemented:

But the technology isn't perfect, said Jenks, who tested four different microchips on the office dog before choosing one for use at the shelter.

...Chips made by one manufacturer can't be read by another manufacturer's scanner.⁵⁶

A November 20, 2002 UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) News Release entitled, "Pets Travel Scheme Extended to USA and Canada," addresses the standardization situation from an international perspective:

In the UK and Europe most microchips and scanners comply with ISO Standards. The USA and Canada have different microchips. Owners of animals identified with non-ISO microchips may experience some difficulties in demonstrating that their animal has been microchipped. Such owners are advised to provide their own scanner.⁵⁷

Global in Scope: 50 Countries

Asia: Thailand and Hong Kong: PetPlace.com

Laura Williams, in an article entitled "Microchipping for Your Dog's Safety," writes:

Chips also are becoming popular in other countries. To help stem the huge stray dog population in Thailand, the government there recently launched a campaign to encourage dog owners to implant their four-footed buddies with the chips. And in Hong Kong, it is mandatory to have your dog microchipped.⁵⁸

Canada: PetNet

PetNet: Canada's National Pet Registry

PetNet is a division of Anitech Enterprises Inc. of Markham, Ontario. It is currently the only supplier of the microchip in Canada and runs the only national database of owner and pet information.⁵⁹

The Web site of PetNet, Canada's National Pet Registry

The "Frequently Asked Questions" section of the Web site of PetNet, Canada's National Pet Registry, in response to the question "Can the microchip harm my pet?", states:

The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and humane societies across Canada endorse microchipping. Indeed, many humane societies make microchipping mandatory for all adopted pets. In addition to the 400,000 chipped pets in Canada, over 1 million pets are chipped in Europe where countries make it mandatory.⁶⁰

Anitech: PetNet Microchip Identification

Over 400,000 Canadian pets are microchipped and registered with the PetNet database, over 4,000 new pets are added every month, and, microchipping is being included in many municipal by-laws. There are 8 million pets in Canada!⁶¹

Europe

European Pet Network, in short EuroPetNet or EPN

Self-described as the "ultimate website to find the owner of an animal," EPN is "a non-profit-making association grouping several animal databanks from various European countries." The aim of the association is:

To give to everyone concerned a tool to find the owner of an animal identified by a microchip and registered in a databank (some animals identified by a tattoo are also registered).

The EPN Website continues:

It will take time to carry out such project and cooperation from a large number of persons, associations and microchip dealers.

4.296.333 microchips numbers from our members are already recorded in EPN today.⁶²

In addition to the Non Official Member, Cyprus, the following Official Members are listed on the EPN Website:

	AT	Austria
	BE	Belgium
	CH	Switzerland
	DE	Germany
	DK	Denmark
	ES	Spain
	GB	United Kingdom
	LU	Luxemberg
	NL	The Netherlands
	NO	Norway
	PL	Poland⁶³

The Pasadena Humane Society & SPCA

At the bottom of The Pasadena Humane Society & SPCA's home page, one finds the American Kennel Club Companion Animal Recovery logo along with the statement " 'Microchip your Pets!' The Pasadena Humane Society agrees - click to find out why."⁶⁴ In a "Success Overseas" section of its Microchip Web page, The Pasadena Humane Society & SPCA states:

Did you know that in Europe, permanent companion animal identification is mandatory? For dozens of years tattoos have been required and now microchips are being used as an easier, more accurate and humane option. Statistics from the English National Dog Warden Association show in 2001 that 73,230 were dogs impounded, 12,966 (18%) returned directly to the owner, 24,391 (33%) claimed by their owner from kennels. This indicates 51% of dogs are being returned to owners (RTO) in England. Overall, the United States has a 14% national RTO rate, and while the Pasadena Humane Society in 2001 had a 27% RTO rate for dogs, we were only able to RTO 2% of all cats.⁶⁵

Europe: Belgium and Luxembourg: idchips.com

"ID Chips-Animal Registration Data: The Belgian & Luxembourger Electronic Identification & Tracking System for Animals: ID Chips: Who We Are" Web site contains the following information:

ID Chips is the non profit Belgian organization which organizes the data management and tracking about the animals which are identified by microchip in Belgium & Luxemburg.

We have been running this service since 1990 continuously.

Our databank has more than 400,000 recorded animals.⁶⁶

Europe: Canada and Europe: PetNet.ca: Microchip Identification

PetNet, Canada's National Pet Registry, in response to the question "Can the microchip harm my pet?" provides the following information on the PetNet.ca Web site in the "Frequently Asked Questions" section:

Europe: Germany: TASSO e.V.

"Tasso International" Web page

On its "Tasso International" Web page, Tasso e. V., based in Germany, states:

Welcome...to TASSO-Online, Europe's largest institution for pet- and animal-registration. At the moment not every topic is available in English language. So we might give you a short summary of the most important menu-options.

The menu-option REGISTRIERUNG gives you the possibility to register your pet online. Registration is absolutely cost free.

As a[n] animal welfare institution we finance our work by donations. If your animal is registered at TASSO´s central-database you have the safety that your pet can be identified all over Europe in case it gets lost.⁶⁸

"Tasso International" Web page's "REGISTRIERUNG"

Clicking on the "Tasso International" Web page's "REGISTRIERUNG," leads to a registration page, which asks for "Transponder-Nummer", i.e., "Transponder number." The registration page also provides blank spaces in which to enter tattoo numbers for the ear and thigh, both right and left.⁶⁹

"Tasso International" Web page's "TS-Links"

Clicking on the "Tasso International" Web page's "TS-Links," leads to, among other items, a list of four European registration places:

	Italy
	Belgium
	Poland
	Luxembourg⁷⁰

Europe: Luxembourg: CIAD-Central office

The "Table of Contents in CIAD Home Page," in response to the question, "What does the work of the CIAD-Central office consist in?", states:

At the CIAD-central office the animals are registered with the help of their tattoo, ID-chip or a numbered badge and their coordinates which are computerized so that the animal may be identified immediately after being found.⁷¹

Europe: Netherlands: VETAIR

The English version of the Veterinary Animal Identification and Registration, that is, VETAIR, page, entitled, "Electronical Identification of Companion Animals-Microchips for Recognition," contains the following comments:

The purpose of the VETAIR Foundation is international, professional, and safe identification and registration of pet animals.

We microchip because we love them, because we want to know where they are, and because we want to protect them from theft.

Started more than ten years ago, the VETAIR system was the first and for years the only Dutch database for microchipped pet-animals. Now we are the only one to guarantee your privacy.

We are co-founders of and cooperate with our international collegues in Europetnet, the European cooperation between databases.

PLEASE REALISE:

IDENTIFICATION WITHOUT PROPER REGISTRATION IS USELESS!!⁷²

Europe: Poland: TOZ

Polish Society for Protection of Animals: Home Page: English Version

The Polish Society for Protection of Animals has headquarters in Warsaw, while the Polish National Office for Animals' Identification and Computer Registration is sited in Gdansk.⁷³

Polish Society for Protection of Animals: About Us

Following is information related to the Polish Society for Protection of Animals and its subsidiary, The National Office For Animals' Identification And Computer Registration:

The history of the Polish Society for Protection of Animals (TOZ) begins in the second half of the XIX-th century...

Today TOZ developes its initiatives for protection of animals:...

-cooperates with similar societies and institutions (i.e. with the RSPCA in Horsham near London). TOZ is a member of the World Society for Protection of Animals in London (WSPA). It cooperates also with local authorities, government institutions and parliament.

The programme "Shake Your Paws" (identification and computer registration of animals) realizes almost all of the aims of TOZ in Poland.

The programme is being coordinated through the National Office for Animals' Identification and Computer Registration in Gdansk.⁷⁴

Polish Society for Protection of Animals: Links

The "Links" Web page lists the following "Cooperating Databases":

	Belgium	www.idchips.com
	Italy	www.easypet.com
	Germany	www.tiernotruf.org⁷⁵

The "Links" Web page also includes the "The European Database":

www.europetnet.com⁷⁶

The "Links" Web page also includes the sentence, "Our identification programme is being realized with the microchips and devices of AVID," which is followed by two links to Avid-related Web sites:

	www.avidid.com
	www.avidplc.com⁷⁷

10.

Europe: United Kingdom

The Kennel Club

The Kennel Club's PetLog Web page states:

The Kennel Club strongly recommends that all pet owners should have their animals microchipped for identification.

PetLog, the National Pet Identification Scheme, managed by The Kennel Club, in association with the RSPCA and Scottish SPCA, is the largest scheme in the UK and microchips can be 'read' at most Police Stations, veterinary practices, by Dog Wardens and all the major rehoming charities.⁷⁸

UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line

Following is information drawn from the Web site of the UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line

The UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line Web site has the introductory line, "The UK's most comprehensive site of its type."⁷⁹ A summary history of, and rationale for, the UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line is as follows:

The UK National G.S.D. Help Line was established in 1998 when contact points for information and advice pertaining to the breed were recognized to be lacking. The Help Line is operated by a group of GSD enthusiasts within the UK with the welfare of the breed uppermost in their minds.⁸⁰

Following is information about "Microchip Implantation":

Our microchip implanters will be using the latest Electronic Identification Devices (Trovan) microchips. Established in 1983, these products are sold throughout the world and are manufactured by AEG ~ a member of the Daimler Chrysler Group of companies ~ a major European electronics manufacturer with 100 years experience in the manufacture of quality electronics products. Quality and reliability are assured by the use of the same inspection, testing ISO 9001 process controls that AEG use to produce space and defence products.⁸¹

Microchipping is related to the Pet Passport system.

Micro chipping is required as part of the Pet Passport system for those wishing to take their animals out of the country.⁸²

The "Microchip Implantation" section, published in 2002, includes a statement about "compulsory identification within 5 years":

The Government's Dog Identification Working Party is about to publish a report recommending voluntary and then compulsory identification within 5 years. According to the report a disturbing 17000 dogs were destroyed in the UK last year.⁸³

11.

Europe: United States and Europe: Digital Angel: 2000

A Digital Angel Web site with a 2000 copyright date reports on the number of pets microchipped with its system:

In addition, Digital Angel is: ... The worldwide leader in pet recovery with approximately 1 million pets in the U.S. and over 10 million in Europe protected by Digital Angel Animal Identification Systems Division patented microchips.⁸⁴

12.

Global: More than 50 Countries: menagerie Magazine

Glenn Lisle, in the Ontario, Canada-based menagerie Magazine, produced by the Publishing Division of GRL Communications Inc., writes in a feature article:

If you are considering microchipping your pet, rest assured you'll be in good company.

A wide variety of creatures, from rattlesnakes to rabbits and elephants to chipmunks, have been chipped along with exotic and endangered species both in zoos and in the wild.

The pet ID microchip is used by film stars such as Keiko (the Free Willy Orca) and famous pets including HRH Queen Elizabeth's Corgies.

First marketed in 1991, manufacturers report that more than four million pet ID microchips have been sold to date, in more than 50 countries.⁸⁵

13.

Global: Computerized Tracking System: PETtrac: AVID

AVID, on its Web site, in response to the Frequently Asked Question "What is PETrac?" states:

PETtrac is a global computerized tracking system for companion animals identified with the AVID Microchip. When you become a member, PETtrac can reunite your pets directly with you.⁸⁶

Legally and/or Administratively Required

Asia: China: Hong Kong

Hong Kong: A 1997 relojournal.com article

"John Hollywood, president of Cosmopolitan Canine Carriers in Darien, Connecticut," in a 1997 relojournal.com article provided the following information under the Hong Kong entry in a table entitled, "Document and Quarantine Requirements for Selected Countries":

No quarantine; import permit, distemper and rabies inoculation more than 30 days and less than one year prior to departure; an International Health Certificate signed by an accredited veterinarian and endorsed by a USDA veterinarian in the state capital of origin; and a micro chip implant. (Please note: the only microchip readable in Hong Kong is an Avid microchip.)⁸⁷

"Microchipping for Your Dog's Safety"

Laura Williams, in an article entitled "Microchipping for Your Dog's Safety," writes:

And in Hong Kong, it is mandatory to have your dog microchipped.⁸⁸

Asia: Singapore

The Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA)

The Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA) in a Press Releases section of its Web site has an article entitled, "Microchip Identification of Imported Dogs for Better Disease Prevention: Additional Questions and Answers." The response to question 6, "How will AVA enforce the new requirement for all imported dogs to be identified with a microchip?" reads:

AVA will inform overseas veterinary authorities and local pet handling agents of the new requirement. With effect from 1 May 2001, overseas exporters and owners must microchip their dogs and puppies before exporting them to Singapore. This applies to both commercial consignments as well as personally owned pets. At the same time, overseas veterinary authorities will be requested to verify that dogs are micro-chipped, and to certify the identities of the dogs before they are exported to Singapore. On arrival in Singapore, AVA officers will inspect all imported dogs at the port of entry. The officers will use microchip readers to scan the dogs and read their microchips. The microchips will assist AVA officers to identify each imported dog with its travel documents.⁸⁹

AVA article: "Are there any other areas where compulsory microchipping of dogs is required in Singapore?"

The above AVA article in response to question 11, "Are there any other areas where compulsory microchipping of dogs is required in Singapore?" states:

To protect the public from being bitten, compulsory microchipping is also required for dangerous breeds of dogs such as Pit Bull, Akita, Neapolitan Mastiff, Tosa and the crosses of these breeds.⁹⁰

Australia

Australia: A 1997 relojournal.com article

"John Hollywood, president of Cosmopolitan Canine Carriers in Darien, Connecticut," in a 1997 relojournal.com article provided the following information under the Australia entry in a table entitled, "Document and Quarantine Requirements for Selected Countries":

One to four months quarantine depending on a rabies titre test performed by an official diagnostic laboratory, plus a microchip implant. International Health Certificate signed by an accredited veterinarian and endorsed by a USDA veterinarian in the state capital of origin.⁹¹

The Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA)

The Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA) in a Press Releases section of its Web site has an article entitled, "Microchip Identification of Imported Dogs for Better Disease Prevention: Additional Questions and Answers." The first sentence of the response to question 5, "Do other countries also require microchipping of imported dogs?" reads:

Australia and New Zealand also impose compulsory microchipping for imported dogs.⁹²

Australia: New South Wales (NSW)

Australian Broadcasting Corporation

An Australian Broadcasting Corporation "7:30 report" transcript entitled, "Multimillion-dollar Pet Microchipping System Not Working," includes the following comments:

Maxine McKew: ...So far, it's only compulsory in NSW, while other States have it under consideration...⁹³

Quentin Dempster: Vets and animal welfare groups complain that the database, established for the first time by law in NSW, has major problems...⁹⁴

Quentin Dempster: The Companion Animals Act, in place for nearly 12 months, now requires microchipping and registration for both cats and dogs.⁹⁵

The New South Wales Department of Local Government

The New South Wales (NSW) Department of Local Government authored "The Companion Animals Act 1998, Registering Your Dog, Frequently Asked Questions" paper. Following are selected excerpted portions from this paper.

Brief introductory material includes the comments:

The NSW Government has recently introduced new legislation covering the rights and responsibilities of the owners of companion animals, including cats and dogs.

The new legislation, the Companion Animals Act 1998, replaces the Dog Act 1966. It introduces new registration and identification requirements for cats and dogs and brings in tough new controls on dangerous dogs.⁹⁶

A response to the question, "Do all companion animals have to be microchipped?" in section 1, "Registration and Microchipping," states:

All dogs and ... cats born or who have changed owners since the 1 July 1999 are required to be microchipped and lifetime registered. Dogs already registered under the Dog Act can continue to be registered annually for three years to allow time for everyone to change over to the new system.⁹⁷

A response to the question, "What happens if I don't identify or register my dog or my new cat?" in section 3, "Penalties And Powers," states:

Failure to register or microchip your cat or dog as required by the Act attracts a maximum penalty of $550.⁹⁸

A response to the question, "What can a council officer do to enforce the legislation?" in section 3, "Penalties And Powers," states:

Local councils are the authority responsible for implementing the Companion Animals legislation. Under the legislation councils have a range of responsibilities including planning, service provision, community education and enforcement...

Councils also have a range of powers to deal with major or ongoing problems. These powers include the ability to issue nuisance orders, which require the owner of a dog or cat to stop the animal from causing a particular nuisance. Failure to comply with a nuisance order is an offence...⁹⁹

A response to the question, "If I want to breed from my animal, what should I do?" in section 4, "Buying, Selling and Breeding," states:

However your responsibilities are not over once you have a litter of healthy puppies or kittens and good homes for them to go to. Under the Companion Animals Act, you cannot sell or give away a puppy or kitten without having it permanently identified by microchip. All puppies or kittens need to be microchipped by the age of 12 weeks, but if you sell or give away the animals before this age, you are still responsible for ensuring that they are microchipped before they leave your ownership. A maximum penalty of $550 applies for breaching these provisions.¹⁰⁰

Canada

The following information regarding PetNet Microchip Identification indicates that microchipping is being addressed at the municipal level:

Over 400,000 Canadian pets are microchipped and registered with the PetNet database, over 4,000 new pets are added every month, and, microchipping is being included in many municipal by-laws.¹⁰¹

Europe: General

The Web site of PetNet, Canada's National Pet Registry, on the "Frequently Asked Questions" section, indicates, in response to the question "Can the microchip harm my pet?", that there are countries in Europe where it is mandatory to have pets chipped:

Europe: Belgium

Information about Identification and Registration of Dogs in Belgium," drawn from The Belgium Ministry of Foreign Affairs material on the web site of the Consulate General in Sydney, Australia, states:

A new regulation went into effect in Belgium on September 1, 1998 concerning the mandatory identification and registration of all dogs on Belgian territory.

All dogs must be identified in one of two ways: 1/ either a tattoo; or, 2/ an electronic chip...

Dogs coming from foreign countries and which were already identified in their country of origin will not have to follow the identification procedure in Belgium as long as the identification system used conforms to the ISO standard. The owner of the animal will just have to register his dog at ABIEC (Belgian Association for Identification and Registration of Dogs).

If the dog coming from abroad does not have any tattoo and if its owner intends to stay more than 6 months on Belgian territory, the owner will have to go to a veterinarian in Belgium in order to identify the animal (by a tattoo or a chip) and ask the veterinarian to do the necessary in order to register the dog at ABIEC.¹⁰³

Europe: European Union

Commission of the European Communities: September 18, 2000: either tattoo or microchip allowed:

The Commission of the European Communities on September 18, 2000, adopted a "Proposal for a European Parliament and Council regulation on the animal-health requirements applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals."

The proposal seeks to harmonise the animal-health requirements and rules applying to checks with regard to the non-commercial movement of pet animals, between the Member States and from third countries.¹⁰⁴

"Explanatory Memorandum" Overview

Measures need to be adopted at Community level to ensure that rules applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals in the Member States are consistent.

To date, attempts to harmonise the animal-health requirements applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals have come to grief over the problem of rabies, which is dealt with in widely divergent ways by the Member States.

However, over the last decade the rabies situation has improved spectacularly throughout the Community in the wake of vaccination campaigns targeting fox populations in regions where rabies is endemic.

The number of cases of rabies among household pets (cats and dogs) dropped from 499 in 1991 to 5 in 1998.

This highly favourable development has prompted the United Kingdom authorities to do away with the six-month quarantine they applied hitherto to cats and dogs entering the UK.

An alternative to the quarantine system has been adopted by the United Kingdom on the basis of the conclusions of a group of independent experts and following a public survey that came out overwhelmingly in favour. It is only intended to cover animals from the Member States and ultimately those from certain third countries where rabies does not exist or is under control. It is now accepted that this alternative system provides an equivalent level of safety to quarantine.

Briefly, it involves:

-electronically identifying the animals;

-vaccinating them with an inactivated vaccine;

-checking their immune response to vaccination by titration of antibodies, to be carried out more than six months prior to movement...

This draft Regulation is largely based on the alternative system adopted by the United Kingdom as regards movement to Member States "historically free of rabies".

Vaccination only is required for movement between the Member States other than those referred to in the preceding paragraph. In line with a regional approach, the same rules applies to third countries and territories…that can be treated in the same way as the Community.

At a later stage, the regulations applicable to cats and dogs from third countries should be tightened up and stricter controls applied to such movement.

Since the disease is under control in all Member States, the introduction of animals from regions where rabies is endemic now constitutes the major risk of propagation.¹⁰⁵

Article 3 of the Commission Proposal, referring to cats and dogs, permitted either a tattoo or a microchip:

Animals of the species listed in Annex I, Part A, shall be regarded as identified where they bear:

(a) either a clearly readable tattoo, or

(b) an electronic identification system (transponder)...¹⁰⁶

European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Policy: April 10, 2001: only microchip after 8 years transitional period

A "Report on the proposal for a European Parliament and Council regulation on the animal-health requirements applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals" of the European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health contains, among other things, "Procedural Page" information, and an amendment of Article 3 regarding method of identification of animals.

Procedural Page Information

By letter of 19 September 2000 the Commission submitted to Parliament ... the proposal for a European Parliament and Council regulation on the animal-health requirements applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals...

At the sitting of 6 October 2000 the President of Parliament announced that she had referred this proposal to the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Policy as the committee responsible...

The committee considered the Commission proposal and draft report at its meetings of 27 February and 10 April 2001.

At the last meeting it adopted the draft legislative resolution with 1 abstention.¹⁰⁷

Amendment of Article 3 regarding Animal Identification: microchip only

Amendment 6, addressing Article 3, requires a transition from either tattoos or microchip identification to microchip only.

Amendment 6

Article 3

3. During an 8-year transitional period, beginning from the entry into force of this regulation, animals of the species listed in Annex I, Part A, shall be regarded as identified where they bear:

(a) either a clearly readable tattoo, or

(b) an electronic identification system (transponder)...

Those Member States who require animals entering their territory other than into quarantine to be identified [by option (b)] may continue to do so during the transitional period.

After the transitional period mentioned above only option (b) shall be accepted as the means of identification of an animal.

Justification

With the potential for tattoos to be difficult to read, to be altered and indeed fade over time, it would be more effective for animals to be microchipped as a means of identification. Eight years is a sufficient period for Member States to introduce a microchip system for all pet animals involved in Annex I Part A, being a major part of their total lifespan.¹⁰⁸

European Parliament: May 3, 2001: only microchip after 8 years transitional period

The European Parliament, at first reading on May 3, 2001 adopted the essence of the position adopted by its Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer with regard to accepting only "an electronic identification system (transponder)" after an eight-year transitional period.

Article 3

During an eight-year transitional period, beginning from the entry into force of this Regulation, animals of the species listed in Annex I, Part A, shall be regarded as identified where they bear:

(a) either a clearly readable tattoo, or

(b) an electronic identification system (transponder).

In the case referred to in (b), the transponder must comply with Standard ISO 11784 and Annex A to Standard ISO 11785.

Whatever form the animal identification system takes, provision must also be made for the indication of details identifying the name and address of the animal's owner.

Member States which require animals entering their territory, other than into quarantine, to be identified by option (b) may continue to do so during the transitional period.

After the transitional period, only option (b) shall be accepted as the means of identifying an animal.¹⁰⁹

Commission of the European Communities: June 21, 2001: only microchip after 8 years transitional period

The Commission presented an amended proposal on June 21, 2001 that incorporated the viewpoint of the European Parliament's May 3, 2001 position with regard to accepting only "an electronic identification system (transponder)" after an eight-year transitional period. Material from the "Explanatory Memorandum" highlights this matter:

Most of the modifications are amendments for clarification or introducing obligations on the Commission or on the Member States with no serious incidence on the general objective of the proposal.

The amendment of article 3 is more significant as after a transitional period of 8 years the tattoo will not be recognised for identification of cats and dogs and electronic identification will be the only accepted method.

This amendment is likely to cause some difficulties in a few Member States where tattooing is still practised. Nevertheless it has been considered that the 8 years transitional period should allow a smooth switch to the new technology of the microchip which is more acceptable in term of welfare and does not rises any technical problem.¹¹⁰

Regulation (EC) No 998/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council: May 26, 2003: only microchip after 8 years transitional period

The European Parliament and the Council adopted Regulation (EC) No 998/2003 on May 26, 2003. The adopted Regulation states that after an eight-year transitional period, only "an electronic identification system (transponder)...shall be accepted as the means of identifying an animal."

CHAPTER I

General provisions

Article 1

This Regulation lays down the animal health requirements applicable to the non-commercial movement of pet animals and the rules applying to checks on such movement.

Article 2

This Regulation applies to the movement between Member States or from third countries of pet animals of the species listed in Annex I...

Article 4

1. During an eight-year transitional period starting from the entry into force of this Regulation, animals of the species listed in parts A and B of Annex I shall be regarded as identified where they bear:

(a) either a clearly readable tattoo; or

(b) an electronic identification system (transponder).

In the case referred to in point (b) of the preceding subparagraph, where the transponder does not comply with ISO Standard 11784 or Annex A to ISO Standard 11785, the owner or the natural person responsible for the pet animal on behalf of the owner must provide the means necessary for reading the transponder at the time of any inspection.

2. Whatever form the animal identification system takes, provision shall also be made for the indication of details identifying the name and address of the animal's owner.

3. Member States which require animals entering their territory, otherwise than into quarantine, to be identified in accordance with point (b) of the first subparagraph of paragraph 1 may continue to do so during the transitional period.

4. After the transitional period, only the method referred to in point (b) of the first subparagraph of paragraph 1 shall be accepted as the means of identifying an animal.¹¹¹

Europe: United Kingdom

Abbreviations MAFF and DEFRA

The use of either the abbreviation MAFF or DEFRA in the discussion of pet microchipping and the United Kingdom is explained by the following sentence:

The functions of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food have been taken over by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs who have a new website.¹¹²

The Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA)

The response to question 5, "Do other countries also require microchipping of imported dogs?" reads in part:

The UK uses microchipping as a means to identify dogs and cats under their Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) whereby such pets that are properly identified, vaccinated and blood tested may be imported without the need for quarantine.¹¹³

British Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark

The Web site of the British Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, states:

The Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) allows pet cats and dogs, from certain countries, including Denmark, to enter the UK without quarantine provided they meet certain rules.

To qualify under the Scheme, pets must enter the UK on an approved route with an approved transport company. Those companies will check microchips and the required documentation to ensure that the necessary conditions have been fulfilled...

The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, DEFRA has approved the operating plans of all these companies, subject to scrutiny of the arrangements which they have put into place...

The conditions which your pet will need to meet are:

First microchipping with an electronic "chip" which meets ISO standards...

Further advice (in English) may be obtained from the British DEFRA's PETS Helpline...¹¹⁴

PetPlanet

PetPlanet describes itself as "the leading UK dogs cats pets website and online pets products shop."¹¹⁵ PetPlanet provides a "Welcome To Britain: A European Dog (and Cat)'s Guide to Visiting Britain" Web page with the following information:

However, dogs and cats, like their owners, have to carry 'passports' to enter Britain. These are more complicated than a human's passport, and consist of...

• A 'chip' implanted under the skin, showing your animal's unique number. Although tattoos are legal in France, they are not sufficient for Britain...

Travel

Then you MUST book your animal's ticket with one of the ferry companies or airline that has the licence from our Ministry to transport animals into Britain under the Pet Travel Scheme. Their officials have been trained to check the paperwork and use the scanner device to check the animal's 'chip' number...¹¹⁶

IgluVillas

IgluVillas is a London based entity that provides "holiday booking," primarily for Europe, for "holiday properties."

IgluVillas "Core Product" is described as follows: "IgluVillas aims to have the largest selection of villas and holiday homes in Europe." On a "Bookings & Enquiries" Web site page, one is informed in the "Pets Abroad" section that, "You can now take your pooch across the channel without the compulsory 6 months of quarantine. Click here for all you need to know about pet passports." The linked "Pet Passports" page states:

IgluVillas "Core Product" is described as follows: "IgluVillas aims to have the largest selection of villas and holiday homes in Europe."¹¹⁷ On a "Bookings & Enquiries" Web site page, one is informed in the "Pets Abroad" section that, "You can now take your pooch across the channel without the compulsory 6 months of quarantine. Click here for all you need to know about pet passports."¹¹⁸ The linked "Pet Passports" page states:

To be eligible for the passport scheme, and exempt from quarantine, the pet has to undergo various tests and procedures...

Your pet must be taken to a recognized Veterinary practice for:

• Vaccination

• Inserting an identification chip - tattoos not accepted...

The procedures are microchipping, vaccination against rabies, blood test after vaccination at a MAFF recognised laboratory and a health certificate which states that everything else has been carried out.

The microchip used must be of ISO standard, your vet can tell you if your pet has been chipped with this ISO standard chip or not...

The order of these procedures must be microchip first, then vaccinate, then blood test. The microchip numbers must be on the vaccination and blood test certificates, along with the date and the authorised veterinary signatures. The microchip number is important on the paperwork as it connects the pet with the certificates when the pet is presented and checked at the point of entry/exit.¹¹⁹

Moggies Web Site

A "Pet Passports (United Kingdom)" page from the Moggies Web Site, "home of the Online Cat Guide,"¹²⁰ provides information about the cost of quarantine for pets:

...The animals' arrival marks the easing of anti-rabies controls, which separate owners from their animals at a cost of between £1,500 and £2,000 a time.

From February 28th pets can go to Europe without going through quarantine.

At MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, etc) Nick Brown is fed up with the French tweaking his nose over British Beef. Deciding he needs positive publicity, he gave pet owners good news by lifting quarantine from February 28th 2000 for pets going to and from certain countries in Europe...

Why are MAFF so concerned about Rabies?

We all should be. Once you have caught rabies, probably from a bite or saliva from an animal incubating rabies, there is no cure. You die a horrible death. However, dogs and cats properly vaccinated and blood-tested should be immune from catching and passing on the disease.

So what do I do if I want to take my dog/cat abroad?

Visit a recognised Veterinary practice for:

* Vaccination

* Insert identification chip (tattoos not accepted)

* Blood sample taken from animal 30 days after vaccination

If OK the Vet will sign papers and that is the pet's "passport."¹²¹

U.S. Air Forces in Europe News Service

The financial incentive for microchipping a pet and participating in the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) can be further observed in material from the U.S. Air Forces in Europe News Service:

New rules established by the British government will let some U.S. service members and Department of Defense employees avoid the standard six-month quarantine for pets when they arrive in the United Kingdom.

The new rules, which fall under a pilot program called the "Pet Travel Scheme," allow pet owners to bypass the country's quarantine law and save the related costs, provided they meet the strict requirements. The program is set to begin in April 1, 2000.

The estimated cost of complying with the PETS program is about $340.00 per pet. However, pet quarantine costs average $2,500.00 per pet.

In order to qualify for the PETS program:

-- Pet owners must be arriving to the United Kingdom from an authorized country...

-- The plan only applies to cats and dogs. The pets must have lived in an authorized country at least six months before their arrival in the United Kingdom.

-- Pets must arrive via specific sea, air and rail routes to the United Kingdom...

-- Pets must have an identification microchip implant. After receiving the implant, pets must also be vaccinated for rabies with an inactivated vaccine. Regular rabies booster vaccinations must be administered...¹²²

The UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA): USA and Canada

A "What's New?" section continued under "More" from the "Bringing Pets to Britain" home page of The UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Web site provides information about the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) as it relates both to the United States and Canada, in general, and the U.S. military, specifically:

11 April 2002

North America

Further to recent press speculation on the USA and Canada joining the Pet Travel Scheme, the position remains unchanged. The Government is examining two recent reports assessing the risk of rabies and other diseases being imported if the Scheme was extended to North America and an announcement will be made in due course. Dogs and cats coming to the UK from the USA and Canada still need to be licensed into quarantine on arrival.

23 April 2002...

New laboratory: VETCOM Food Analysis and Diagnostic Laboratory, Ft Sam Houston, USA- accepts samples taken from US Military Personnel pets only.

30 April 2002

We have been advised that the new laboratory in the USA (see 23 April) accepts blood samples taken from pets belonging only to US Military Personnel and their dependants - not from pets owned by general public.¹²³

A November 20, 2002 UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) News Release entitled, "Pets Travel Scheme Extended to USA and Canada," stated:

The successful PETS Travel Scheme is to be extended to dogs and cats from the United States and Canada, Animal Health Minister Elliot Morley announced today.

From 11 December, people coming to this country from the USA and Canada will be able to bring their vaccinated pets without having to put them into six months quarantine. However, until an approved route from North America is available and official certification agreed, animals will have to go into short stay quarantine, usually only for two to three days, whilst the microchip and paperwork are checked.¹²⁴

Three of five "Notes for editors" at the end of the News Release include the following information:

The Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) was launched on 28 February 2000. For the first year it applied only to dogs and cats from Western Europe. On 31 January 2001, it was extended to 28 long haul countries, such as Australia, Japan and New Zealand. Bahrain was added to the Scheme earlier this year.

To date, some 75,000 dogs and cats have entered England under the Scheme without the need for quarantine. The Scheme operates into England on over 50 sea, air and rail routes from around Europe and the rest of the world.

Early next year we expect the European Union to formally adopt a Regulation covering the animal health requirements applicable to non-commercial movements of pet animals. That Regulation allows the UK's Pet Travel Scheme to continue almost unchanged for at least five years before a review of the Community system takes place. That Regulation will lay down how animals coming into the Community, including the UK, will be treated. Such decisions will be taken by the Community as a whole and not by individual member states. In the meantime, the Government will not be making any significant extensions to the qualifying countries under the Pet Travel Scheme.¹²⁵

Implications of the United Kingdom decision to extend the Pet Travel Scheme to dogs and cats from the United States and Canada are noted in a press release entitled, "United Kingdom to Permit US and Canadian Pets With Implanted Identification Microchips to Avoid Six-Month Quarantine Upon Entry Into the UK: New Rules Take Effect December 11, 2002 - Change Expected to Benefit Digital Angel Corporation's Patented, Implantable RFID Microchip Technology":

Randolph K. Geissler, CEO of Digital Angel Corporation, commented: "This change in the UK pet quarantine law is a very positive development. It shows that implantable RFID microchips have become an accepted and recognized technology for verifying the health records of the microchipped pet while contributing to the health and safety of the public at large. This official recognition by the UK -- combined with numerous municipalities in the U.S. that are implementing or contemplating requirements for pet RFID chips -- is extremely encouraging. We believe these developments will give a substantial boost to the widespread acceptance of pet RFID chips both in the U.S. and abroad."

Mr. Geissler continued: "We're beginning to see clear signs of a substantial payoff from our pioneering efforts to create our patented implantable RFID technology and to establish the infrastructure of more than 75,000 scanners that are in use by vets and animal shelters around the world. This expanding infrastructure is the key to supporting further growth in demand for this technology, which results in about 5,000 recoveries of missing pets in the U.S. and Canada each month."

About Digital Angel Corporation

On March 27, 2002, Digital Angel Corporation completed a merger with Medical Advisory Systems, Inc., which for two decades has operated a 24/7, physician-staffed response center in Owings, Maryland. Prior to the merger, Digital Angel Corporation was a 93% owned subsidiary of Applied Digital Solutions, Inc. (Nasdaq: ADSX), which now is a beneficial owner of a majority position in the company. Digital Angel(TM) technology represents the first-ever combination of advanced sensors and Web-enabled wireless telecommunications linked to Global Positioning Systems (GPS). By utilizing advanced sensor capabilities, Digital Angel is able to monitor key functions -- such as ambient temperature and physical movement -- and transmit that data, along with accurate emergency location information, to a ground station or monitoring facility. The company also invented, manufactures and markets implantable identification microchips the size of a grain of rice for use in humans, companion pets, fish, and livestock. Digital Angel Corp. owns the patents for its inventions in all applications of the implantable microchip technology for humans and animals. For more information about Digital Angel Corp., visit http://www.DigitalAngelCorp.com.¹²⁶

The UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA): Pet Travel Scheme (PETS)

The UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Web site provides information about the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS).

A "Bringing Pets to Britain" home page provides the following introductory comments:

What you have to do to bring your pet dog or cat into Britain through the Pet Travel Scheme (or PETS for short) without putting it into quarantine. This site also tells you about quarantine in Britain for animals that don't qualify for PETS.¹²⁷

A "Pets index page" describes the "Pet Travel Scheme":

The Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) is the system that allows pet animals from certain countries to enter the UK without quarantine as long as they meet certain conditions. It also means that people in the UK can, having taken their pets to these countries, bring them back without the need for quarantine.

PETS was introduced for dogs and cats travelling from certain European countries on 28 February 2000. The Scheme was extended to Cyprus, Malta and certain Long Haul countries and territories on 31 January 2001.

The Scheme:

1. only applies to pet cats and dogs* ("pets") including guide dogs and hearing dogs.

2. is limited to pets coming into the UK from certain countries and territories

3. only operates on certain sea, air and rail routes to England...

*It is against the law in Great Britain to possess certain types of dogs and meeting the requirements of PETS will not change that.¹²⁸

A "What you need to do to bring your pet into the UK" Web site page provides the reader with introductory information about the necessary procedures:

To bring your pet cat or dog into the UK under the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) from one of the qualifying countries you must carry out the following procedures in the order shown.¹²⁹

The "What you need to do to bring your pet into the UK" Web site page continues, first, to point out that, "Your pet can be fitted with a microchip in any country…," and then to list the necessary procedures that, in most cases, must be carried out in the order shown. The first four procedures are presented below:

Have your pet microchipped

Before any of the other procedures for PETS are carried out, your pet must be fitted with a microchip so that it can be properly identified.

Have your pet vaccinated

After the microchip has been fitted your pet must be vaccinated against rabies.

Arrange a blood test

After your pet has been vaccinated, it must be blood tested to make sure that the vaccine has given it a satisfactory level of protection against rabies.

Get a PETS certificate

Once these steps have been successfully completed, you can get an official PETS certificate from a government authorised vet.¹³⁰

A "Certificates" Web site page includes the following information:

The PETS certificate

To get your pet into the UK (or back into the UK) you will need an official PETS certificate. In Great Britain, this is completed and issued by a government-authorised vet known as a Local Veterinary Inspector (LVI).

The certificate will show that your pet:

1. is identified by its microchip number;

2. has a current vaccination against rabies;

3. has had a blood test showing satisfactory protection against rabies.

If your pet does not meet these conditions, it will not get a PETS certificate.¹³¹

A question and answer Web site page includes the following response to the second question, "Do all cats and dogs in the UK have to be microchipped?":

No. Only those that the owner wants to take abroad and then bring them back to the UK under the Pet Travel Scheme.¹³²

A "PETS Statistics" Web site page provides data on the "Number of pet cats and dogs entering England under PETS each month." The cumulative total for 2000 and 2001 was 14,549 and 40,818, respectively.¹³³

A "Qualifying Countries in Europe" Web site page entitled, "European Countries Eligible for PETS," provides the following specifics, with greater detail provided in notes for five countries:

Pets resident in the UK can, having travelled to one or more of the countries below, return to the UK under PETS without quarantine provided they meet the rules of the Scheme. Pets that come from one of these countries and have been resident in any of them for at least six months can also enter the UK under the Scheme as long as they meet the necessary rules.¹³⁴

Andorra	Austria	Belgium
Cyprus¹	Denmark	Finland
France	Germany	Gibraltar
Greece	Iceland	Italy
Greece	Iceland	Italy
Liechtenstein	Luxembourg	Malta²
Monaco	Netherlands	Norway³
Portugal⁴	San Marino	Spain⁵
Sweden	Switzerland	Vatican

A Web site page entitled, "Long Haul Countries Eligible for PETS," provides information with reference to qualifying non-European countries and territories, or, based on information in the Web site header, "rabies free islands":

The Pet Travel Scheme was extended on 31 January 2001 to include certain Long Haul (i.e. non-European) countries and territories. These are:

	Antigua and Barbuda	Ascension Island
	Australia	Bahrain
	Barbados	Cayman Islands
	Bermuda	Fiji
	Falkland Islands	Guadeloupe
	French Polynesia	Jamaica
	Hawaii	Martinique
	Japan	Mayotte
	Mauritius	New Caledonia
	Montserrat	Réunion
	New Zealand	St Kitts & Nevis
	St Helena	Singapore
	St Vincent	Wallis and Futuna
	Vanuatu

There is a slightly different procedure for bringing pets to the UK from these countries or territories.¹³⁵

The UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA): Cattle Tracing: "Probably Compulsory" in Future

The following DEFRA material suggests that electronic identification will be "probably compulsory" in the future:

Cattle born after 1 January 1998 must have a DEFRA approved eartag in each ear (double tagging). The tag in each ear must have the same unique number. Such animals will be identified throughout their lifetime by this unique number. Animals born or imported into Great Britain before 1 January 1998 may continue to be identified by a single tag. Cattle born after 1 July 2000 must be identified by all numeric tags...

Electronic tagging of cattle is not compulsory within the European Union, nor in this country. This is still a developing technology which is not yet fully standardised. The European Commission is undertaking a field trial of various electronic devices. Their preference is towards devices which can be implanted in the animal or given as a bolus. The Government believes it is sensible to await the outcome of this trial and see what subsequent European rules might be agreed for all Member States before requiring electronic identification. DEFRA is reviewing (with devolved Agriculture Departments) the interim UK policy on electronic identification for livestock.

There is nothing in the Government's rules which prevents farmers from using electronic identification if they wish: that is a commercial decision for them to make. And in the longer run, it seems likely that electronic identification of cattle will become widespread, and probably compulsory.¹³⁶

10.

New Zealand

The Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA)

The Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA) in a Press Releases section of its Web site has an article entitled, "Microchip Identification of Imported Dogs for Better Disease Prevention: Additional Questions and Answers." The first sentence of the response to question 5, "Do other countries also require microchipping of imported dogs?" reads:

Australia and New Zealand also impose compulsory microchipping for imported dogs.¹³⁷

The Overseas Briefing Center

The Overseas Briefing Center within The George P. Schultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center of the U.S. State Department in a "Pet Import And Quarantine Restrictions" table section of "Preparing to Go Overseas" observes in the "Import Restriction" column for New Zealand:

...Pets must have microchip inserted or tattoo by vet.¹³⁸

11.

U.S.: Cities: California: Los Angeles

Scripps Howard News Service July 10, 2000, article in Connect, published in The Columbus Dispatch

Los Angeles was the first major city to require the use of the chips for any stray pets picked up by control officers. The ordinance, passed in 1998, took effect this spring.¹³⁹

WorldNetDaily.com: August 7, 2000

The City of Los Angeles' animal shelters now require all animals adopted from their facilities be given an identification microchip implant.

After several years of debate and study, the Los Angeles City Council approved a measure to require that, as of Aug. 1, adopted animals be given a small electronic implant that would identify the owner of the pet. While the program has been discussed for many years, cost considerations for increased staff and computer equipment held up its implementation until now.

A $15 fee covering the cost of the microchip and the implant procedure will be charged to the new pet owners. Current pet owners can bring their animals in for the implants for a $25 fee. Private veterinarians usually charge between $25 and $45 for the procedure.¹⁴⁰

City of Los Angeles Municipal Code: June 30, 2001

The Los Angeles Municipal Code, with a Revision Date of June 30, 2001, contains "Criminal or regulatory ordinances of the City of Los Angeles."¹⁴¹ Chapter V, Article 3, Sec. 53.15.5. Electronic Animal Identification Device of The Municipal Code reads:

The Department of Animal Regulation shall implant each dog and cat adopted out of the Department's shelters with an Electronic Animal Identification Device approved and provided by the Department. The fee for the implanted device shall be $15.00, to be paid by the person adopting the dog or cat in addition to any other adoption related fee.

Any owner of a dog or a cat may have an Electronic Animal Identification Device provided and implanted by the Department in said dog or cat. The fee for such implanted device shall be $25.00.

The provisions of this section shall be operative for a period of 36 months following the effective date of this amendment and shall be inoperative thereafter. (Sentence Amended by Ord. No. 173,334, Eff. 7/13/00.)¹⁴²

12.

U.S.: Cities and County: California: Los Angeles; California: Ventura County; Illinois: Chicago; Missouri: St. Louis; Pennsylvania: Philadelphia

"Chicago, St. Louis, Philadelphia and other cities across the United States require that impounded dogs be implanted with the microchip. Los Angeles will join other areas, including its neighboring Ventura County, in requiring the implants for all adopted animals."¹⁴³

"Shelters in the California county of Ventura have been implanting chips in strays for 10 years and are very familiar with the chips' performance."¹⁴⁴

13.

U.S.: Cities and County: California: San Francisco; Florida: Dade County; Indiana: Indianapolis; New Mexico: Albuquerque; South Carolina: Columbia

A Salon Technology and Business Web site article notes a number of U.S. cities in which chip implants are mandatory for pets adopted from shelters:

All paranoia and conspiracy theories aside, it's alarming how quickly a new technological "option" becomes a requirement. The microchipping of pets is a case in point...

All the strays adopted from the San Francisco animal shelter now have such identification chips implanted under their skin. According to the American Kennel Club, a number of localities -- Columbia, S.C.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Albuquerque, N.M.; and Dade County, Fla.; among them -- have adopted ordinances requiring such chip implants. What has been a novelty is now required.¹⁴⁵

14.

U.S.: Cities: Illinois: Chicago

An AP story with a Philadelphia byline notes one situation in which dogs must be microchipped: "In Chicago, owners of dogs considered 'dangerous' are required to have their pets spayed or neutered and fitted with a microchip for identification."¹⁴⁶

15.

U.S.: Cities: Tennessee: Memphis

In a July 10, 2000, Scripps Howard News Service article, Mary Deibel reported:

The city council in Memphis, Tenn., recently backed off requiring all licensed pets to get chips or collar IDs partly because of price. But it was partly over philosophical differences...¹⁴⁷

16.

U.S.: States: Shelters in Many States Scan for Microchips

The Pasadena Humane Society & SPCA observes that shelters in many states scan animals for microchips.

California (and many other states) require by law that shelters scan every animal that comes through the door for a microchip.¹⁴⁸

17.

U.S.: States: California

California Law: Shelters: Scanning Required

California requires by law that shelters scan dogs and cats for a microchip.

California Food and Agricultural Code Section 31108 (c) states in reference to dogs:

During the holding period required by this section and prior to the adoption or euthanasia of a dog impounded pursuant to this division, a public or private shelter shall scan the dog for a microchip that identifies the owner of that dog and shall make reasonable efforts to contact the owner and notify him or her that his or her dog is impounded and is available for redemption.¹⁴⁹

California Food and Agricultural Code Section 31752 (c) states in reference to cats:

During the holding period required by this section and prior to the adoption or euthanasia of a cat impounded pursuant to this division, a public or private shelter shall scan the cat for a microchip that identifies the owner of that cat and shall make reasonable efforts to contact the owner and notify him or her that his or her cat is impounded and is available for redemption.¹⁵⁰

The language in the California Food and Agricultural Code Sections 31108 (c) and 31752 (c) derives from California Assembly Bill 2754, which was Chaptered as Chapter 567 on September 21, 2000 with the topic "Stray animals."¹⁵¹

California Law: SB 236: Not Enacted: Microchip Required.

A bill that failed to be enacted was introduced in the California Senate during February of 2001 with the topic of "Dogs and cats: micro-chip: owner's registry." This bill was initially intended to require microchips to be implanted in all pets more than 4 months old. Senate Bill 236 was introduced as "An act to add Section 32005 to the Food and Agricultural Code, relating to animals."¹⁵²

The "Legislative Counsel's Digest" of SB 236 read in part:

The bill would make it a crime for any person to own, harbor, or keep any dog or cat over the age of 4 months, unless that dog or cat has been micro-chipped and the owner's identification has been entered into a national registry approved by the Department of Food and Agriculture. By creating a new crime, this bill would impose a state-mandated local program upon local governments.¹⁵³

The wording of the germane portion of SB 236 as Introduced read:

It is unlawful for any person to own, harbor, or keep any dog or cat over the age of four months, unless that dog or cat has been micro-chipped and the owner's identification has been entered into a national registry approved by the Department of Food and Agriculture.¹⁵⁴

California Law: SB 1373: Not Enacted: Microchip Required.

A bill introduced in the California Senate during February of 2002 with the topic of "Dogs and cats: registration and microchipping" was "Refused passage" on May 29, 2002, was "Placed on inactive file on request of" the bill's author on June 24, 2002, and, on November 30, 2002, "Died on file."¹⁵⁵

The "Legislative Counsel's Digest" of SB 1373 read in part:

The bill would also require the seller of any dog or cat to ensure that the dog or cat has been microchipped.¹⁵⁶

The wording of the germane portion of SB 1373 as Introduced read:

The seller of any dog or cat shall ensure that the dog or cat has been microchipped and the owner's identification has been entered into a local registry maintained by a county, city, or city and county agency providing animal control services or into a national registry.¹⁵⁷

California Law: SB 769: Sentry Dogs: Microchip Required.

A bill, SB 769, introduced in the California Senate during February of 2001 with the topic of "Sentry dogs" was "Approved By Governor" on September 28, 2001, was "Filed With Secretary Of State" on October 1, 2001, and, "Chaptered" as Chapter 377."¹⁵⁸

An excerpt from the "Legislative Counsel's Digest" of SB 769 read:

Existing law establishes limitations and procedures with respect to the use of sentry dogs.

This bill would require any person, firm, partnership, association, or corporation that operates or maintains a business to sell, rent, or train any attack, guard, or sentry dog to obtain a permit from the local public agency or private society or pound contracting with the local public agency for animal care or protection services…This bill would also require microchipping of animals subject to this bill for identification purposes, and would also require certain immunizations of the animals. This bill would also establish civil penalties for violation of its provisions.¹⁵⁹

The wording of the germane portion of SB 769 as Chaptered read:

SEC. 10. Section 121920 of the Health and Safety Code is amended to read:

121920. (a) The owner or trainer of any attack, guard, or sentry dog shall ensure that the dog has been microchipped and the owner's identification has been entered into a local or national registry.¹⁶⁰

18.

U.S.: States: Hawaii

Honolulu, USA : A 1997 relojournal.com article

"John Hollywood, president of Cosmopolitan Canine Carriers in Darien, Connecticut," in a 1997 relojournal.com article provided the following information under the "Honolulu, USA" entry in a table entitled, "Document and Quarantine Requirements for Selected Countries":

State of Hawaii: Department of Agriculture: Animal Quarantine Station

Rabies Quarantine Station Information Brochure

The Rabies Quarantine Station Information Brochure "contains important information about pre- and post-arrival requirements, quarantine station procedures, policies, rules, operations and fees."¹⁶²

An initial paragraph of the Rabies Quarantine Station Information Brochure explains that:

Hawaii is the only rabies free state in the nation. Hawaii's quarantine law is designed to protect residents and pets from potentially serious health problems associated with the presence and spread of rabies. Success of the quarantine program is dependent on maintaining isolation of your pet from other animals for the required quarantine period.¹⁶³

An "It's the Law" section of the Rabies Quarantine Station Information Brochure reads:

Importation of dogs, cats and other carnivores into Hawaii is governed by Chapter 4-29 of the State of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture Administrative Rules. This law says that these animals are required to complete a 120-day confinement in the State Animal Quarantine Station. If specific pre-arrival and post-arrival requirements are met, animals may qualify for 30-day quarantine.

The animal quarantine program began in 1912 with a quarantine period of 120 days. A 30-day quarantine alternate program was approved in 1997.¹⁶⁴

Material under an "Electronic Microchip" heading in a "General Pre-Arrival Requirements" section of the Rabies Quarantine Station Information Brochure reads:

All dogs and cats attempting to qualify for the 30-day quarantine program are required to have an implanted electronic microchip. The microchip, obtained from your veterinarian, must be U.S. made and readable with an AVID standard scanner (AVID chip, Home Again chip). Pet owners in foreign countries can order microchips from the State of Hawaii, refer to the enclosed Request for Electronic Microchip (form AQS-73).¹⁶⁵

A "Financial Information" section of the of the Rev. 02/02 version of the Rabies Quarantine Station Information Brochure contained the following information:

Quarantine Fees (due at the time your pet enters quarantine)

Total fees: 30-day program $655.00

120-day program $1,080.00¹⁶⁶

A "Request For Electronic Microchip" form, identified as "AQS-73 05/02," stated:¹⁶⁷

All dogs and cats attempting to qualify for the 30-day quarantine program are required to have an implanted electronic microchip. The microchip does not have to be purchased from the State of Hawaii, but must be U.S. made and readable with an AVID universal scanner (AVID chip, Home Again chip).

19.

U.S.: Military Installations

Hawaii: Hickam Air Force Base: U.S. Air Force

The Hickam Air Force Base "Clinic Info" section of the Hickam AFB Service Web pages states under a "Microchip Implant" heading:

Permanent pet I.D., all animals weighing 5 pounds or more, residing on Hickam AFB must be microchipped.¹⁶⁸

Kansas: Fort Leavenworth: U.S. Army

The Fort Leavenworth Lamp Online states:

One way to permanently identify pets so they can be returned to their owners is microchipping.

Fort Leavenworth regulations require all dogs, cats and other animals maintained in quarters to be registered with the Veterinary Treatment Facility within five days of arrival or acquisition. Written certification of immunizations and proof of microchip must be presented at registration or an appointment will be made to have the required vaccinations and microchip implant at the owner's expense.¹⁶⁹

North Dakota: Grand Forks Air Force Base: U.S. Air Force

Grand Forks Air Force Base's The Leader Online states:

Current base housing residents will have until August 1 to have their pets microchipped...

Because of these reasons, mandatory pet microchipping has been included in the updated Grand Forks Air Force Base Instruction 31-105, Control of Pets and Stray Animals.

This instruction will require dogs and cats living in base housing to be microchipped. Microchipping does not have to be performed at the base veterinary treatment facility. Pets may be microchipped elsewhere.

However, proof of microchip implantation must be provided to the base VTF. Pets who have already had microchips implanted are considered to be in compliance with the instruction.¹⁷⁰

Spain: U.S. Naval Station, Rota, Spain: U.S. Navy¹⁷¹

In the "text only" version of "Welcome Aboard," under the general heading of "Dependents" in a section covering "Shipping Pets to Spain" and "Reservation Procedures," an asterisked note at the conclusion of this material, with no apparent reference mark elsewhere in the text, addresses the matter of microchipping pets:

*NOTE: All pets be[l]onging to personnel attached to the Naval Facility must be microchipped at the Veterinary Clinic for identification purposes. The cost is $10.00 per animal.¹⁷²

While not including the above quote from the "text only" version of "Welcome Aboard," "The Virtual Welcome Aboard Kit,"¹⁷³ under a "Base Veterinary Clinic" heading within a "Bringing Your Pets to Spain" section, includes the following statements:

The Naval Station has one US Army veterinarian whose primary mission is food hygiene and safety. Pet care is a secondary function which is provided within time and equipment limitations. The Veterinary Clinic has the microchip pet ID available to identify pets. The clinic provides this microchip and implantion [sic]; the fee for the implantion procedure is $10.00.¹⁷⁴

Standardized Location: Between Shoulder Blades

The Associated Press, in a Washington Post story entitled, "A Chip on His Shoulder"

Michael Rubinkam, Associated Press, in a Washington Post story entitled, "A Chip on His Shoulder," writes:

Most dogs loved to be scratched behind the ears, down their necks and between their shoulder blades. Do that with Stewart, Patrick McCallion's 13-month-old yellow Lab mix, and you'll be scratching something unusual.

Under the skin and between the pooch's shoulder blades is a little bump about the size of a grain of rice. It's a microchip, implanted so that Stewart will be easy to find if he ever runs away from the Philadelphia park he romps in each day.¹⁷⁵

The Mohawk Hudson River Humane Society

Dr. Laurie Coger, with the Mohawk Hudson River Humane Society, observed that, "Workers use a hypodermic needle to inject a chip just under the skin of a dog or cat - usually in the animal's shoulder."¹⁷⁶

An AP story with a Philadelphia byline

An AP story with a Philadelphia byline provides a further instance of microchip implantation standardization: "So McCallion took out a bit of disappearance insurance, getting a microchip the size of a grain of rice implanted under the dog's skin, between the shoulder blades. "¹⁷⁷

The American Kennel Club Companion Animal Recovery (CAR)

An American Kennel Club Companion Animal Recovery Web page states:

The "chip" is implanted just under the skin in the scruff of the neck of your pet and can be detected and read by a scanner used by veterinarians, animal shelters or other agencies.¹⁷⁸

National Animal Interest Alliance (NAIA)

An article published on the NAIA Web site points out that:

The chips are injected under the skin above the shoulders of the animals by a veterinarian and held in place by a special nontoxic bonding agent.¹⁷⁹

PetPlace.com: 2001 Article

A PetPlace.com article notes standardized locations for chips:

The silicon chips can be inserted in almost any animal, including cats, dogs, horses, reptiles, birds and small mammals...

The chips, technically called transponders, are injected between the shoulder blades through a needle. For birds, the chip is injected under the wing.¹⁸⁰

A July 10, 2000, Scripps Howard News Service article

In a July 10, 2000, Scripps Howard News Service article, Mary Deibel reported:

Teddi the terrier arrived home for Christmas-but not before her veterinarian implanted a microchip in the 9-year-old Yorkie's shoulder for future identification...

Teddi ... had the chip placed in her shoulder area, just under the skin...¹⁸¹

The Belgian & Luxembourger Electronic Identification & Tracking System for Animals

"ID Chips-Animal Registration Data: The Belgian & Luxembourger Electronic Identification & Tracking System for Animals" Web site observes, "The owner has to go to a Vet who injects the microchip in the animal's neck."¹⁸²

menagerie Magazine

Glenn Lisle, in the Ontario, Canada-based menagerie Magazine, writes:

The 'standard' pet ID chip, properly known as a transponder, consists of a miniaturized coil and memory circuit encased in biocompatible glass. The whole thing is small enough to fit in a hypodermic syringe - which is how the tiny device is implanted, just under the skin between the shoulder blades in cats.¹⁸³

10.

The UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line

UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line Web site, in response to the Frequently Asked Question "Where is the injection site in dogs and cats?" states:

Dogs and cats are injected between the shoulder blades with a deep subcutaneous (under the skin) delivery of the chip.¹⁸⁴

11.

The Pacific Air Force News Service

The Pacific Air Force News Service in a Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, article states:

Pets arriving in Hawaii will be reunited with their owners sooner as the state's quarantine time was cut from 120 days to 30 days. However, new rules have gone into effect to permit the reduced quarantine time...

The new rules involve ... implanting a mandatory official microchip in all quarantined dogs and cats...

The American Veterinary Identification Devices, or AVID, microchips are implanted between the animal's shoulders.¹⁸⁵

12.

The Fort Leavenworth Lamp Online

The Fort Leavenworth Lamp Online, based in Kansas, writes:

The microchip is as small as a grain of rice and is placed under the skin between the shoulder blades. It is not a Big Brother-type tracking device. Pets cannot be followed via satellite.¹⁸⁶

13.

The Grand Forks Air Force Base's The Leader On-Line

The Grand Forks Air Force Base's The Leader On-Line includes the statement:

The chip is the size of a grain of rice and is injected under the skin between the shoulderblades in the same way annual vaccines are administered.¹⁸⁷

14.

New South Wales, Australia

New South Wales, Australia specifies where the microchip is to be implanted:

6 Manner in which category 1 and 2 companion animals are to be identified...

(2) The implantation is to be subcutaneous in the dorsum between the scapulae in such a way that the microchip lies at an oblique angle to the plane of the skin. The microchip must function properly.¹⁸⁸

Microchip: Stationary Position

Canada's National Pet Registry: PetNet Microchip Identification

PetNet, on its Web site, in response to the Frequently Asked Question "Can the microchip move once it is inserted?" states:

The PetNet microchip has a patented BioBond® anti-migratory tip. This tip is a plastic cap with tiny barbs and holes. Once inserted the barbs hold the chip in place and tissue quickly forms around the barbs and through the holes.¹⁸⁹

PetPlace.com: 2001 Article

A PetPlace.com article includes an observation on the lack of implanted chip mobility:

Veterinarian Dr. Richard Seader of Rockville, N.Y., began injecting microchips into his patients two years ago...

The chips ... are designed to stay just under the skin. They cannot move into the bloodstream or pass through the digestive tract. "It can't get absorbed," Dr. Seader says. "It just stays around the shoulder blade area."¹⁹⁰

The UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line

The UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line Web site, in response to the Frequently Asked Question "Can the microchip move around once inside the body of the animal?" states:

When properly implanted, a small layer of connective tissue forms around the microchip, preventing movement or migration of the chip. Instructions and injection sites will vary depending upon the specie. As with any brand of chip, microchips will not migrate if instructions are followed and implantation is correct.¹⁹¹

Wired News: Dog Bytes Say More Than Bark: Chips Drift

Kathy Jenks, director of Ventura County, CA department of animal regulation indicates that chips are not necessarily stationary:

But the technology isn't perfect, said Jenks, who tested four different microchips on the office dog before choosing one for use at the shelter.

...Also, the chips migrate; one of the chips used on the office dog ended up in its leg.¹⁹²

Microchips Compared to Other Methods: Tattoos and Collars with Tags

Jonathan Ewing, an Associated Press writer

Jonathan Ewing, an Associated Press writer, provided the following information regarding the comparative use of microchips rather than tattoos:

"It was once a select crowd that asked for their animals to be chipped, but over the past few years, more and more people are requesting the procedure," said Dr. Laurie Coger, with the Mohawk Hudson River Humane Society...

"The tattoo was not a bad idea, but it was difficult to see if hair had grown over the tattoo, or if you had an aggressive animal and had to check their underside," Dr. Coger said. "I would have to say that scanning is infinitely preferable."¹⁹³

Canada's National Pet Registry: PetNet Microchip Identification

Canada's National Pet Registry: PetNet Microchip Identification, on its Web site, in response to the Frequently Asked Question "What about collar tags and tattoos?" states:

PetNet provides all microchipped pets with free collar tags embossed with our 24-hour toll free number. But tags fall off and most cats will not wear collars and, if they do, breakaway collars are recommended. That's why microchipping is so important.

Tattoos are painful to apply and after a few years tattoos fade and become very difficult to read. Also, it is often difficult for animal shelter staff to find tattoos. If the tattoo is found and legible there is no comprehensive national registry that operates 24 hours a day. The Ontario Veterinary Medical Association abandoned its tattoo program 3 years ago.¹⁹⁴

PetPlace.com: 2001 Article

Laura Williams, writing in a 2001 PetPlace.com article, compares the microchip with tags and tattoos:

The microchip has the advantage of permanence; collar and tags can be lost or removed. Some owners have tattooed their address or phone number, but this procedure takes longer and is more painful to your pet. In addition, if you move or change your phone number, the identification is useless.¹⁹⁵

A July 10, 2000, Scripps Howard News Service article

In a July 10, 2000, Scripps Howard News Service article, Mary Deibel reported:

Microchips are intended to increase the rate of return as an alternative to tags that can get lost, or tattoos that get overgrown by hair or fade with time.¹⁹⁶

Humane Society of Ottawa-Carleton

Glenn Lisle, in the Ontario, Canada-based menagerie Magazine, produced by the Publishing Division of GRL Communications Inc., writes:

The first thing that the Humane Society of Ottawa-Carleton (HSOC) does when any animal comes in is to 'ID' it. Shelter workers first check for marks or tattoos inside the flanks and under the ears...

However, tattoos are often hard to read and harder to trace.

"The tattoo is often done at a really young age," Nelson says, "and, by the time the animal has grown up, the tattoo is unreadable."

In fact, Nelson reports, the tattoos on almost four out of every five adult animals the HSOC sees are unreadable.

Where tattoos can fade and collar tags can fall off or be purposely removed to obscure the identity of a pet, implanted microchips cannot be tampered with in any way, providing reliable identification in the few seconds it takes to perform the scan.

"If a dog or cat comes into the shelter and is aggressive, the information can be obtained with a scanner on the end of a pole, so there is no danger to the attendant who could [otherwise] be injured trying to read a tattoo," Nelson adds.¹⁹⁷

The Grand Forks Air Force Base's The Leader On-Line observes:

Collars with tags can be taken off, while tags can be defaced. More than half of all impounded dogs and cats are without collars by the time they arrive at the shelter. Tattoos may also be defaced or altered.¹⁹⁸

The New South Wales Department of Local Government

The New South Wales Department of Local Government authored "The Companion Animals Act 1998, Frequently Asked Questions" paper. An excerpted portion addressing the comparative merits of microchips, tattoos, and collars follows:

Collars can be lost or removed and tattoos can be changed, but microchipping is a once-only form of identification which is designed to last for an animal's lifetime. The introduction of compulsory microchipping aims to ensure that all owned animals have a means of permanent identification which cannot be lost or tampered with.¹⁹⁹

The United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs

The United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs in response to the first question, "Why not allow identification of animals by tattoo only?", of a questions and answers Web site page entitled, "Microchipping and Identification," answers:

Because tattoos can fade or become unreadable over time. Numbers on a tattoo could also be changed by further tattooing. For these reasons the Advisory Group on Quarantine did not recommend tattooing as a reliable means of positively identifying dogs or cats. In addition, there is no international control on tattooing that avoids the risk of duplication.

As an alternative means of identification, microchips implanted in the animal represent a more reliable and permanent method. They are also easily readable and cannot be tampered with.²⁰⁰

Wired News: Dog Bytes Say More Than Bark: Chip Limitations

Kathy Jenks, director of Ventura County, CA department of animal regulation indicates that chips are sometimes difficult to read from a safe distance.

But the technology isn't perfect, said Jenks, who tested four different microchips on the office dog before choosing one for use at the shelter.

...Some scanners read a chip from a distance of 14 inches while others can't detect a chip that is more than an inch away -- a limitation that can prove dangerous with rabid dogs, Jenks said.²⁰¹

10.

Pet Collars Not Foolproof: Associated Press

An Associated Press article noted the limitations of collars.

Veterinarians say old-fashioned pet collars are fine, but not foolproof. They can come off, fade, or be chewed.²⁰²

Working Lifetime of a Chip

The UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line

The UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line Web site, in response to the Frequently Asked Question "How long does the microchip last?" states:

The microchip has no power supply, battery, or moving parts. It is designed with an operating life of over 25 years and is guaranteed for the life of the animal.²⁰³

menagerie Magazine

Glenn Lisle, in the Ontario, Canada-based menagerie Magazine, writes:

The rated working lifetime of a chip is 75 years - more than sufficient for most species in which it might be used, with the possible exception of some tortoises and parrots.²⁰⁴

Chips Implanted at Any Age

AVID Web site

AVID, on its Web site, in response to the Frequently Asked Question "What is the youngest age a pet can be identified?" states:

Animals of any age can be injected with the AVID Microchip. Puppies and kittens are identified during their initial vaccine series. Birds, horses and exotics can be identified at any time.²⁰⁵

The UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line Web site, in response to the Frequently Asked Question "How early can puppies and kittens be injected with the chip?"

Most breeders identify their breeding between the ages of five and eight weeks of age. Of course, the injection can also be done at any time after that.²⁰⁶

The UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line Frequently Asked Question "I have toy breeds/kittens. They are so tiny. Can I use the chip?"

In addition, the UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line Web site, in response to the Frequently Asked Question "I have toy breeds/kittens. They are so tiny. Can I use the chip?" states:

Absolutely. You can have your puppies/kittens ID'd as early as six weeks. Remember, the same sized microchip and needle are used in animals even smaller than yours, including mice, baby birds, and even fish!²⁰⁷

The Belgian & Luxembourger Electronic Identification & Tracking System for Animals

In a "Microchip Injection" section, "ID Chips-Animal Registration Data: The Belgian & Luxembourger Electronic Identification & Tracking System for Animals" Web site states, "An animal can be identified at any age."²⁰⁸

Chips Difficult to Remove

AVID, in an "AVID Technology" section on its Web site, states:

Once implanted, the identity tag is virtually impossible to retrieve. Surgical removal, using the most advanced radiograph techniques available, is extremely difficult. The number can never be altered.²⁰⁹

39"Microchips Helping Reunite Lost Pets with Their Owners;" Associated Press (Philadelphia) article on yorknewstimes.com; published December 22, 2001, http://www.yorknewstimes.com/stories/122201/nat_1222010032.shtml; last updated at 11:52 PM; pp. 1-2 of 4/19/02 11:05 AM printout.
40Jonathan Ewing; "Micro Dog: A Chip as Small as a Grain of Rice Will Help Keep Fido Close to Home;" Associated Press (Albany, NY) article on abcNEWS.com; published April 19, 2000; http://abcnews.go.com/sections/tech/DailyNews/Dogchips0000418.html; p. 1 of 4/19/02 10:55 AM printout.
41Norma Bennett Woolf; "AKC's CAR brings dogs Home Again;" National Animal Interest Alliance; http://www.naiaonline.org/body/articles/archives/akcscar.htm; published n.d., Web site text copyright 2000/2001; p. 1 of 5/7/02 6:45 AM printout.
42"Storm Center;" American Kennel Club, Incorporated Companion Animal Recovery; published 2001; http://www.akccar.org/resources/stormcenter/index.cfm; p. 1 of 4/19/02 10:48 AM printout.
43Capt. Wendy May, 319th Veterinary Clinic; "Chip Can Help Keep Your Pet Safe;" The Leader Online; Grand Forks Air Force Base; published June 15, 2001; <http://www.grandforks.af.mil/15jun.asp>; p. 2 of 5/7/02 10:09 AM printout.
44Digital Angel Corporation; "Only Digital Angel Technology Combines Real-time Location And Condition Acquisition With Real-time Data Delivery;" published 2000; <http://www.digitalangel.net/commercial.asp>; p. 2 of 3/9/02 4:50 PM printout.
45"Digital Angel Corp. CEO Interviewed on CEOcast.com;" PRNewswire-FirstCall article on Bloomberg.com published 5/8/2002; <http://www.bloomberg.com/fgcgi.cgi?T=marketsquote99_news.ht&s=APNkL4hFQRGlnaXRh>; p. 1 of 5/8/02 8:59 PM printout.
46Laura Williams; "Microchipping for Your Dog's Safety;" PetPlace.com; published 2001; http://petplace.netscape.com/netscape/nsArtShow.asp?artID=960; pp. 1-2 of 4/19/02 11:01 AM printout.
47Laura Williams; "Microchipping for Your Dog's Safety;" PetPlace.com; published 2001; http://petplace.netscape.com/netscape/nsArtShow.asp?artID=960; p. 3 of 4/19/02 11:01 AM.
48Laura Williams; "Microchipping for Your Dog's Safety;" PetPlace.com; published 2001; http://petplace.netscape.com/netscape/nsArtShow.asp?artID=960; p. 3 of 4/19/02 11:01 AM.
49Michael Rubinkam; "A Chip on His Shoulder;" Associated Press article on Washington Post; published February 11, 2002; <http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A55535-2002Feb10>; p. C14; p. 1 of 4/19/02 10:51 AM printout.
50Mary Deibel; "No Longer Is It a Doggone Shame When Your Pet Disappears;" Scripps Howard News Service article in Connect, published in The Columbus Dispatch; published July 10, 2000; http://www.dispatch.com/connect/connect071000/; p. 2 of 4/19/02 11:04 AM printout.
51JoAnn Kohlbrand; "Microchips Required for Adopted Animals: L.A. Requires Electronic Implants for Pets Leaving Shelters;" WorldNetDaily.com; published August 7, 2000; http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=18758; p. 1 of 5/7/02 8:55 AM printout.
52Mary Deibel; "No Longer Is It a Doggone Shame When Your Pet Disappears;" Scripps Howard News Service article in Connect, published in The Columbus Dispatch; published July 10, 2000; http://www.dispatch.com/connect/connect071000/; p. 2 of 4/19/02 11:04 AM printout.
53Mary Deibel; "No Longer Is It a Doggone Shame When Your Pet Disappears;" Scripps Howard News Service article in Connect, published in The Columbus Dispatch; published July 10, 2000; http://www.dispatch.com/connect/connect071000/; pp. 1-2 of 4/19/02 11:04 AM printout.
54Mary Deibel; "No Longer Is It a Doggone Shame When Your Pet Disappears;" Scripps Howard News Service article in Connect, published in The Columbus Dispatch; published July 10, 2000; http://www.dispatch.com/connect/connect071000/; p. 2 of 4/19/02 11:04 AM printout.
55Mary Deibel; "No Longer Is It a Doggone Shame When Your Pet Disappears;" Scripps Howard News Service article in Connect, published in The Columbus Dispatch; published July 10, 2000; A HREF="http://www.dispatch.com/connect/connect071000/; p. 2 of 4/19/02 11:04 AM printout.
56Julia Scheeres; "Dog Bytes Say More Than Bark;" Wired News; published March 15, 2001; http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,42430,00.html; p. 2 of 7/24/02 10:35 AM printout.
57"News Release: Pets Travel Scheme Extended to USA and Canada;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; published November 20, 2002; http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2002/021120c.htm; p. 2 of 12/18/02 5:09 PM printout.
58Laura Williams; "Microchipping for Your Dog's Safety;" PetPlace.com; published 2001; http://petplace.netscape.com/netscape/nsArtShow.asp?artID=960; p. 3 of 4/19/02 11:01 AM.
59"PetNet: Canada's National Pet Registry;" London Bytes: Produced by the students in the graduate program in journalism in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies at the University of Western Ontario; published n.d.; http://www.uwo.ca/journ/newmedia/issue2/f4petnet2.html; p. 1 of 4/19/02 10:21 AM printout.
60"Frequently Asked Questions: 2. Can the microchip harm my pet?;" PetNet.ca: PetNet Microchip Identification: Canada's National Pet Registry; published n.d.; <http://www.petnet.ca/petnet_live/servlet/Faq>; p. 1 of 4/19/02 11:07 AM printout.
61"PetNet Microchip Identification;" Anitech Enterprises Inc.; copyright 2000.; http://www.anitech.com/petnet/petnet.html; p. 1 of 7/1/02 3:20 PM printout.
62"European Pet Network, in short EuroPetNet or EPN;" European Pet Network; published n.d.; <http://www.europetnet.com/english/presentation/index.asp>; p. 1 of 5/2/02 11:47 AM printout. A printout dated 4/19/02 10:25 AM stated, "4.057.611 microchips numbers from our members are already recorded in EPN today."
63"EPN Members;" European Pet Network; published n.d.; <http://www.europetnet.com/english/members/index.htm>; p. 1 of 5/8/02 11:44 AM printout.
64"Home;" The Pasadena Humane Society & SPCA; published n.d.; http://www.phsspca.org/main.shtml; p. 1 of 7/2/02 8:59 AM printout.
65"American Kennel Club Companion Animal: 'Microchip your Pets!' "; The Pasadena Humane Society & SPCA; published n.d.; http://www.phsspca.org/tags/microchip.htm; p. 1 of 5/7/02 9:19 AM printout.
66"ID Chips-Animal Registration Data: ID Chips: Who We Are;" IC Services; published 2001; <http://www.idchips.com/en/WhoWeAre.htm>; p. 1 of 5/3/02 11:06 AM printout.
67"Frequently Asked Questions: 12. Can the microchip harm my pet?;" PetNet.ca: PetNet Microchip Identification: Canada's National Pet Registry; published n.d.; <http://www.petnet.ca/petnet_live/servlet/Faq">; p. 1 of 4/19/02 11:07 AM printout.
68"Tasso International;" TASSO e.V.; published n.d.; http://www.tiernotruf.org/interna.htm; p. 1 of 5/16/02 5:06 PM printout.
69"Registrierung;" TASSO e.V.; http://www.tiernotruf.org/regist.html; published n.d.; p. 1 of 7/3/02 11:30 AM printout; translation from German to English: http://babelfish.altavista.com/urltrurl?url=http://www.tiernotruf.org/regist.html&lp=de_en&doit=done&urltext=; p. 1 of 7/3/02 10:01 AM printout.
70"Tierschutz-Links und Seiten;" TASSO e.V.; published n.d.; http://www.tiernotruf.org/ts-links.html; p. 1 of 5/16/02 4:46 AM printout; translation from German to English: http://babelfish.altavista.com/urltrurl?url=http://www.tiernotruf.org/ts-links.html&doit=done&lp=de_en&tt=url&urltext=; p. 1 of 7/3/02 1:03 PM printout.
71"Table of Contents in CIAD Home Page;" CIAD: Centre d'Identification pour Animaux Domestiques; published April 10, 2002; http://www.ciad.lu/menuuk.html; p. 1 of 5/17/02 2:31 PM printout.
72"Electronical Identification of Companion Animals-Microchips for Recognition;" VETAIR; published n.d.; http://www.vetair.org/home.html; p. 1 of 5/16/02 4:16 PM printout.
73"Home: English Version;" Polish Society for Protection of Animals; published n.d.; <http://www.podajlape.pl/glownaang.html>; p. 1 of 5/16/02 4:20 PM printout.
74"About Us;" Polish Society for Protection of Animals; published n.d.; <http://www.podajlape.pl/aboutus.html>; p. 1 of 5/16/02 5:08 PM printout.
75"Links;" Polish Society for Protection of Animals; published n.d.; <http://www.podajlape.pl/links.html>; p. 1 of 5/16/02 4:40 PM printout.
76"Links;" Polish Society for Protection of Animals; published n.d.; <http://www.podajlape.pl/links.html>; p. 1 of 5/16/02 4:40 PM printout.
77"Links;" Polish Society for Protection of Animals; published n.d.; <http://www.podajlape.pl/links.html>; p. 1 of 5/16/02 4:40 PM printout.
78"Introduction to PetLog;" The Kennel Club; published n.d.; <http://www.the-kennel-club.org.uk/petlog/welcome.asp>; p. 1 of 4/19/02 10:27 AM printout.
79"UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line;" GSD Helpline; published 2002; http://www.gsdhelpline.com/ p. 1 of 5/7/02 10:04 AM printout.
80"UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line;" GSD Helpline; published 2002; http://www.gsdhelpline.com/ p. 1 of 5/7/02 10:04 AM printout.
81"Micro chipping Service;" GSD Helpline; published 2002; http://www.gsdhelpline.com/chipservice.htm p. 1 of 5/7/02 10:01 AM printout.
82"Micro chipping Service;" GSD Helpline; published 2002; http://www.gsdhelpline.com/chipservice.htm p. 1 of 5/7/02 10:01 AM printout.
83"Micro chipping Service;" GSD Helpline; published 2002; http://www.gsdhelpline.com/chipservice.htm p. 2 of 5/7/02 10:01 AM printout.
84"Only Digital Angel Technology Combines Real-time Location And Condition Acquisition With Real-time Data Delivery;" Digital Angel: Commercial; published 2002; <http://www.digitalangel.net/commercial.asp>; p. 2 of 3/9/02 4:50 PM printout.
85Glenn Lisle; "Ultimate Pet ID;" menagerie Magazine; published 1999; http://www.menagerie.on.ca/04-99/feature.html; p. 5 of 4/19/02 10:38 AM printout.
86"Frequently Asked Questions: 12. What is PETrac?;" American Veterinary Identification Devices (AVID); published n.d.; http://www.avidid.com/faq/faq_eng_complete.html; p. 2 of 4/29/02 9:01 AM printout.
87"When Fido Goes to a Foreign Location;" Relocation Journal & Real Estate News; copyright 1997; http://www.relojournal.com/june97/pets.htm; p. 2 of 5/7/02 11:51 AM printout.
88Laura Williams; "Microchipping for Your Dog's Safety;" PetPlace.com; published 2001; http://petplace.netscape.com/netscape/nsArtShow.asp?artID=960; p. 3 of 4/19/02 11:01 AM.
89"Microchip Identification of Imported Dogs for Better Disease Prevention;" Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore; issued by Agri-food & Veterinary Authority on 22 Feb 2001; http://www.ava.gov.sg/JAVASCRIPT/module7/press/article19.htm; pp. 1-2 of 5/7/02 9:28 AM printout.
90"Microchip Identification of Imported Dogs for Better Disease Prevention;" Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore; issued by Agri-food & Veterinary Authority on 22 Feb 2001; http://www.ava.gov.sg/JAVASCRIPT/module7/press/article19.htm; p. 2 of 5/7/02 9:28 AM printout.
91"When Fido Goes to a Foreign Location;" Relocation Journal & Real Estate News; copyright 1997; http://www.relojournal.com/june97/pets.htm;p. 2 of 5/7/02 11:51 AM printout.
92"Microchip Identification of Imported Dogs for Better Disease Prevention;" Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore; issued by Agri-food & Veterinary Authority on 22 Feb 2001; http://www.ava.gov.sg/JAVASCRIPT/module7/press/article19.htm; p. 1 of 5/7/02 9:28 AM printout.
93"7:30 report: Multimillion-dollar Pet Microchipping System Not Working;" Australian Broadcasting Corporation; transcript 5/07/00, copyright 2000; http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/s148804.htm; p. 1 of 5/7/02 8:42 AM printout.
94"7:30 report: Multimillion-dollar Pet Microchipping System Not Working;" Australian Broadcasting Corporation; transcript 5/07/00, copyright 2000; http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/s148804.htm; p. 2 of 5/7/02 8:42 AM printout.
95"7:30 report: Multimillion-dollar Pet Microchipping System Not Working;" Australian Broadcasting Corporation; transcript 5/07/00, copyright 2000; http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/s148804.htm; p. 3 of 5/7/02 8:42 AM printout.
96"The Companion Animals Act 1998, Frequently Asked Questions;" New South Wales Department of Local Government; n.d. [published August 2000: http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/documents/information/cafaqg.pdf version, 3rd edition]; http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_cainfo.asp - 1.1; p. 2 of 5/30/02 12:06 PM printout.
97"The Companion Animals Act 1998, Frequently Asked Questions;" New South Wales Department of Local Government; n.d. [published August 2000: http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/documents/information/cafaqg.pdf version, 3rd edition]; http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_cainfo.asp - 1.1; p. 2 of 5/30/02 12:06 PM printout.
98"The Companion Animals Act 1998, Frequently Asked Questions;" New South Wales Department of Local Government; n.d. [published August 2000: http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/documents/information/cafaqg.pdf version, 3rd edition]; http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_cainfo.asp - 1.1; p. 6 of 5/30/02 12:06 PM printout.
99"The Companion Animals Act 1998, Frequently Asked Questions;" New South Wales Department of Local Government; n.d. [published August 2000: http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/documents/information/cafaqg.pdf version, 3rd edition]; http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_cainfo.asp - 1.1; p. 8 of 5/30/02 12:06 PM printout.
100"The Companion Animals Act 1998, Frequently Asked Questions;" New South Wales Department of Local Government; n.d. [published August 2000: http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/documents/information/cafaqg.pdf version, 3rd edition]; http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_cainfo.asp - 1.1; p. 10 of 5/30/02 12:06 PM printout.
101"PetNet Microchip Identification;" Anitech Enterprises Inc.; copyright 2000.; http://www.anitech.com/petnet/petnet.html; p. 1 of 7/1/02 3:20 PM printout.
102"Frequently Asked Questions: 2. Can the microchip harm my pet?;" PetNet.ca: PetNet Microchip Identification: Canada's National Pet Registry; published n.d.; http://www.petnet.ca/petnet_live/servlet/Faq; p. 1 of 4/19/02 11:07 AM printout.
103"Information about Identification and Registration of Dogs in Belgium;" The Belgium Ministry of Foreign Affairs Consulate General in Sydney, Australia; published n.d.; http://www.diplobel.org/australia/Sydney/English/visitors/pets.htm; p. 2 of 5/7/02 8:30 AM printout.
104"1.4.71. Proposal for a European Parliament and Council regulation on the animal-health requirements applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals;" Bulletin of the European Union; September 2000 issue; http://www.europa.eu.int/abc/doc/off/bull/en/200009/p104071.htm; p. 1 of 7/12/02 4:42 PM printout.
105"Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the animal-health requirements applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals;" Commission of The European Communities; published September 18, 2000; http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/pdf/2000/en_500PC0529.pdf; p. 2.
106"Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the animal-health requirements applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals;" Commission of The European Communities; published September 18, 2000; http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/pdf/2000/en_500PC0529.pdf; p. 6.
107"Report on the proposal for a European Parliament and Council regulation on the animal-health requirements applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals (COM(2000) 529 Ð C5-0477/2000 Ð 2000/0221(COD));" European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer; published April 11, 2002; http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A5-2001-0125+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=2&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y; p. 4.
108"Report on the proposal for a European Parliament and Council regulation on the animal-health requirements applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals (COM(2000) 529 Ð C5-0477/2000 Ð 2000/0221(COD));" European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer; published April 11, 2002; http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A5-2001-0125+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=2&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y; pp. 8-9.
109"Position of the European Parliament adopted at first reading on 3 May 2001 with a view to the adoption of European Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) No .../2001 on the animal-health requirements applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals (2000/0221(COD) Ð PE1);" European Parliament; published May 3, 2001; <http://www3.europarl.eu.int/dg7/doclegcons/data/word/2000/0221/20000221(COD)-PE1-en.doc>; pp. 1, 4.
110"Amended proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the animal-health requirements applicable to non-commercial movement of pet animals;" Commission of The European Communities; published June 21, 2001; http://europa.eu.int/cgi-bin/eur-lex/udl.pl?REQUEST=Seek-Deliver&COLLECTION=com&SERVICE=eurlex&LANGUAGE=en&DOCID=501PC0349&FORMAT=pdf; pp. 2, 5.
111"Regulation (EC) No 998/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 on the animal health requirements applicable to the non-commercial movement of pet animals and amending Council Directive 92/65/EEC;" Official Journal of the European Union; vol. 46, June 13, 2003; http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/dat/2003/l_146/l_14620030613en00010009.pdf; pp. 1-3.
112"MAFF;" Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food; published n.d.; http://www.defra.gov.uk/maff_redirect.htm; p. 1 of 6/7/02 5:37 PM printout.
113"Microchip Identification of Imported Dogs for Better Disease Prevention;" Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore; issued by Agri-food & Veterinary Authority on 22 Feb 2001; http://www.ava.gov.sg/JAVASCRIPT/module7/press/article19.htm; p. 1 of 5/7/02 9:28 AM printout.
114"The Pet Travel Scheme;" British Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark; published n.d.; <http://www.britishembassy.dk/pets.shtm>; pp. 1-2 of 5/7/02 9:45 AM printout.
115"PetPlanet.co.uk;" PetPlanet.co.uk; published n.d.; http://www.petplanet.co.uk/; p. 1 of 6/11/02 4:57 PM printout.
116Verite Reily Collins; "Welcome To Britain: A European Dog (and Cat)'s Guide to Visiting Britain;" PetPlanet.co.uk; published n.d.; http://www.petplanet.co.uk/petplanet/travel/welcome_to_britain.htm; p. 1 of 4/19/02 10:49 AM printout.
117"About Iglu;" IgluVillas; published n.d.; <http://www.igluvillas.com/aboutiglu.cfm>; p. 1 of 5/7/02 9:25 AM printout.
118"Bookings & Enquiries: Pets Abroad;" IgluVillas; published n.d.; <http://www.igluvillas.com/travel.cfm>; p. 1 of 6/8/02 5:00 PM printout.
119"Bookings & Enquiries: Pet Passports;" IgluVillas; published n.d.; <http://www.igluvillas.com/travel/petpassports.cfm>; p. 1 of 5/7/02 9:25 AM printout.
120"Moggies: Home of the Online Cat Guide;" Moggies; updated June 10, 2002; http://www.moggies.co.uk/; p. 1 of 6/10/02 2:53 PM printout.
121"Pet Passports (United Kingdom);" Moggies; published n.d.; http://www.moggies.co.uk/stories/petpports.html; pp. 1-2 of 5/7/02 9:11 AM printout.
122"Pet Quarantine Rules Change in United Kingdom;" U.S. Air Forces in Europe News Service; RAF Mildenhall, England (USAFENS); published December 8, 1999; http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/news99/uns99364.htm p. 1 of 6/10/02 3:30 PM printout.
123"Bringing Pets to Britain: What's New? - Continued;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; last date: April 30, 2002; <http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/services/whats-new.shtml>; p. 1 of 6/5/02 2:24 PM printout.
124"News Release: Pets Travel Scheme Extended to USA and Canada;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; published November 20, 2002; http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2002/021120c.htm; p. 1 of 12/18/02 5:09 PM printout.
125"News Release: Pets Travel Scheme Extended to USA and Canada;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; published November 20, 2002; http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2002/021120c.htm; p. 2 of 12/18/02 5:09 PM printout.
126"United Kingdom to Permit US and Canadian Pets With Implanted Identification Microchips to Avoid Six-Month Quarantine Upon Entry Into the UK: New Rules Take Effect December 11, 2002 - Change Expected to Benefit Digital Angel Corporation's Patented, Implantable RFID Microchip Technology"; PRNewswire-First Call; published December 4, 2002; <http://www.bloomberg.com/fgcgi.cgi?T=marketsquote99_news.ht&s=APe31cRVmVW5pdGVk>; pp. 1-2 of 12/5/02 1:12 PM printout.
127"Bringing Pets to Britain;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; published n.d.; <http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/home.html>;p. 1 of 6/5/02 2:35 PM printout.
128"Pet Travel Scheme;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; published June 2001; http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/pets/index.shtml; p. 1 of 6/5/02 10:11 AM printout.
129"What You Need To Do To Bring Your Pet Into The UK;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; published November 20, 2001; <http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/pets/procedures/owners.shtml>; p. 1 of 6/5/02 10:17 AM printout.
130"What You Need To Do To Bring Your Pet Into The UK;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; published November 20, 2001; <http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/pets/procedures/owners.shtml>; pp. 1-2 of 6/5/02 10:17 AM printout.
131"Certificates;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; published January 2002; <http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/pets/procedures/support-info/ctifcates.shtml>; p. 1 of 5/7/02 9:51 AM printout.
132"Microchipping and Identification;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; published June 2000; <http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/pets/procedures/support-info/microqa.shtml>; p. 1 of 6/5/02 10:18 AM printout.
133"PETS Statistics;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; published February 2002; <http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/pets/procedures/stats.shtml>; pp. 1-2 of 6/5/02 10:13 AM printout.
134"European Countries Eligible for PETS;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; published July 2001; <http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/pets/procedures/support-info/countries.shtml>; p. 1 of 5/7/02 9:47 AM printout.
135"Long Haul Countries Eligible for PETS;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; published May 2002; <http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/pets/procedures/support-info/other.shtml>; p. 1 of 6/7/02 5:00 PM printout.
136"Animal Tracing and Identification: Cattle Tracing Ð Tagging"; United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; published December 8, 2000/reviewed February 21, 2002; http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/tracing/tagging/tag_index.htm - Electronic; pp. 1, 3 of 6/5/02 2:09 PM printout.
137"Microchip Identification of Imported Dogs for Better Disease Prevention;" Agri-food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore; issued by Agri-food & Veterinary Authority on 22 Feb 2001; http://www.ava.gov.sg/JAVASCRIPT/module7/press/article19.htm; p. 1 of 5/7/02 9:28 AM printout.
138"Preparing to Go Overseas: Pet Import And Quarantine Restrictions;" Overseas Briefing Center, Foreign Service Institute, The George P. Schultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center, U.S. Department of State; published n.d.; http://www.state.gov/www/obc/prepare/petchart.html; p. 7 of 6/5/02 11:21 AM printout.
139Mary Deibel; "No Longer Is It a Doggone Shame When Your Pet Disappears;" Scripps Howard News Service article in Connect, published in The Columbus Dispatch; published July 10, 2000; http://www.dispatch.com/connect/connect071000/; p. 2 of 4/19/02 11:04 AM printout.
140JoAnn Kohlbrand; "Microchips Required for Adopted Animals: L.A. Requires Electronic Implants for Pets Leaving Shelters;" WorldNetDaily.com; published August 7, 2000; http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=18758; p. 1 of 5/7/02 8:55 AM printout.
141"Municipal Code;" City of Los Angeles; published June 30, 2001; <http://cityfolio.ci.la.ca.us/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll?clientID=206861>; p. 1 of 7/31/02 9:22 AM printout.
142"Municipal Code: Chapter V, Article 3, Sec. 53.15.5. Electronic Animal Identification Device;" City of Los Angeles; published June 30, 2001; <http://Cityfolio.ci.la.ca.us/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll?clientID=191979&advquery=implant&infobase=municipal codes&record={4A30}&softpage=Document42&x=24&y=12>; p. 1 of 7/25/02 2:27 PM printout.
143JoAnn Kohlbrand; "Microchips Required for Adopted Animals: L.A. Requires Electronic Implants for Pets Leaving Shelters;" WorldNetDaily.com; published August 7, 2000; http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=18758; p. 2 of 5/7/02 8:55 AM printout.
144Julia Scheeres; "Dog Bytes Say More Than Bark;" Wired News; published March 15, 2001; http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,42430,00.html; p. 1 of 7/24/02 10:35 AM printout.
145Katharine Mieszkowski; "Put That Chip Where the Sun Don't Shine;" Salon Technology and Business; published September 7, 2000; http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/09/07/chips/print.html; pp. 4-5 of 4/15/03 4:05 PM printout.
146"Microchips Helping Reunite Lost Pets with Their Owners;" Associated Press (Philadelphia) article on yorknewstimes.com; published December 22, 2001, last updated at 11:52 PM; http://www.yorknewstimes.com/stories/122201/nat_1222010032.shtml; p. 2 of 4/19/02 11:05 AM printout.
147Mary Deibel; "No Longer Is It a Doggone Shame When Your Pet Disappears;" Scripps Howard News Service article in Connect, published in The Columbus Dispatch; published July 10, 2000; http://www.dispatch.com/connect/connect071000/; p. 3 of 4/19/02 11:04 AM printout.
148"Why Microchip Your Pet?"; The Pasadena Humane Society & SPCA; published n.d.; http://www.phsspca.org/tags/microchip.htm; p. 1 of 5/7/02 9:19 AM printout.
149"California Codes: Food And Agricultural Code: Section 31101-31109"; California Law; published n.d.; <http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate?WAISdocID=74457414692+0+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve>; p. 2 of 12/24/02 8:35 AM printout.
150"California Codes: Food And Agricultural Code: Section 31751-31754"; California Law; published n.d.; <http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate?WAISdocID=74610916459+1+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve>; p. 4 of 12/24/02 8:34 AM printout.
151"Bill Number: AB 2754"; California Law; chaptered September 21, 2002; <http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate?WAISdocID=74155112890+1+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve>; pp. 3-4 of 12/24/2002 8:51 AM printout.
152"Bill Number: SB 236 Introduced"; California Law; introduced February 14, 2001; http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_0201-0250/sb_236_bill_20010214_introduced.html; p. 1 of 12/24/2002 2:15 PM printout.
153"Bill Number: SB 236 Introduced"; California Law; introduced February 14, 2001; http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_0201-0250/sb_236_bill_20010214_introduced.html; p. 1 of 12/24/2002 2:15 PM printout.
154"Bill Number: SB 236 Introduced"; California Law; introduced February 14, 2001; http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_0201-0250/sb_236_bill_20010214_introduced.html; p. 1 of 12/24/2002 2:15 PM printout.
155"Bill Number: SB 1373 Complete Bill History"; California Law; last entry November 30, 2002; http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_1351-1400/sb_1373_bill_20021130_history.html; p. 1 of 12/23/2002 1:38 PM printout.
156"Bill Number: SB 1373 Introduced"; California Law; introduced February 7, 2002; http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_1351-1400/sb_1373_bill_20020207_introduced.html; p. 1 of 12/23/2002 1:38 PM printout.
157"Bill Number: SB 1373 Introduced"; California Law; introduced February 7, 2002; http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_1351-1400/sb_1373_bill_20020207_introduced.html; pp. 2-3 of 12/23/2002 1:38 PM printout.
158"Bill Number: SB 769 Introduced"; California Law; introduced February 23, 2001; http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_0751-0800/sb_769_bill_20011001_chaptered.html; p. 1 of 12/23/2002 4:41 PM printout.
159"Bill Number: SB 769 Introduced"; California Law; introduced February 23, 2001; http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_0751-0800/sb_769_bill_20011001_chaptered.html;p. 1 of 12/23/2002 4:41 PM printout.
160"Bill Number: SB 769 Introduced"; California Law; introduced February 23, 2001; http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_0751-0800/sb_769_bill_20011001_chaptered.html; p. 4 of 12/23/2002 4:41 PM printout.
161"When Fido Goes to a Foreign Location;" Relocation Journal & Real Estate News; copyright 1997; http://www.relojournal.com/june97/pets.htm; p. 2 of 5/7/02 11:51 AM printout.
162Rabies Quarantine Station Information Brochure; Animal Quarantine Station, Department of Agriculture, State of Hawaii; Revised February 2002; <http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/pdf/aqsbrochure.pdf>; p. 1 of created and modified 2/28/02 7:30 PM aqsbrochure.pdf printout.
163Rabies Quarantine Station Information Brochure; Animal Quarantine Station, Department of Agriculture, State of Hawaii; Revised February 2002; <http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/pdf/aqsbrochure.pdf>; p. 4 of created and modified 2/28/02 7:30 PM aqsbrochure.pdf printout.
164Rabies Quarantine Station Information Brochure; Animal Quarantine Station, Department of Agriculture, State of Hawaii; Revised February 2002; <http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/pdf/aqsbrochure.pdf>; p. 4 of created and modified 2/28/02 7:30 PM aqsbrochure.pdf printout.
165Rabies Quarantine Station Information Brochure; Animal Quarantine Station, Department of Agriculture, State of Hawaii; Revised February 2002; <http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/pdf/aqsbrochure.pdf>; p. 5 of created and modified 2/28/02 7:30 PM aqsbrochure.pdf printout.
166Rabies Quarantine Station Information Brochure; Animal Quarantine Station, Department of Agriculture, State of Hawaii; Revised February 2002; <http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/pdf/aqsbrochure.pdf>; p. 15 of created and modified 2/28/02 7:30 PM aqsbrochure.pdf printout.
167"Request For Electronic Microchip"; Animal Quarantine Station, Department of Agriculture, State of Hawaii; <http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/pdf/aqs-73.pdf>; Dated May 2002; p. 1 of created and modified 5/1/02 10:00 PM aqs-73.pdf printout.
168Kelly Tran, Page Maintainer; "15th Services Squadron-Vet Clinic Information: Hickam AFB, Hawaii, Services: Clinic Info;" Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, 15th Air Base Wing, U.S. Air Force; last updated at 7/24/2001; <www.hickamservices.com/vetclinic/clinic.html>; p. 2 of 5/7/02 10:56 AM printout.
169Spc. Sheila Hamlett, Veterinary Services, Fort Knox, Ky.; "Microchipping Brings Lost Pets Home": "Editor's Note: This article originally appeared in Inside The Turret. Spc. Amy S. Pierce of Fort Leavenworth Veterinary Services also contributed to this article.;" The Fort Leavenworth Lamp Online: Online Archives from The Fort Leavenworth Lamp; published April 11, 2002; http://www.ftleavenworthlamp.com/archives/index.inn?loc=detail&doc=/2002/April/11-1456-news6.txt; p. 1 of 5/9/02 9:05 AM printout.
170Capt. Wendy May, 319th Veterinary Clinic; "Chip Can Help Keep Your Pet Safe;" The Leader Online; Grand Forks Air Force Base; published June 15, 2001; <http://www.grandforks.af.mil/15jun.asp>; pp. 1, 3 of 5/7/02 10:09 AM printout.
171Following is definitional information from "The Naval Base: At A Glance;" updated May 9, 2002; http://www.rota.navy.mil/navsta/welcome/_files/03.html; "virtual Welcome Aboard Package;" U.S. Naval Station, Rota, Spain; p. 1 of 5/9/02 9:46 AM printout:

Naval Station Rota...is a Spanish Naval Base, used jointly by Spain and the United States...

Because Rota is a Spanish Naval Base, you may find some things here a little different than at a U.S. military installation.

172"Welcome Aboard (text only); http://www.rota.navy.mil/navsta/welcome/_files/text.html; n.p.; published n.d.; p. 6 of 5/9/02 10:10 AM printout.
173Following is introductory information from "The Virtual Welcome Aboard Kit;" updated May 9, 2002; http://www.rota.navy.mil/navsta/welcome/_files/01.html; U.S. Naval Station, Rota, Spain; p. 1 of 5/9/02 9:45 AM printout:

This Virtual Welcome Aboard Kit contains information that we hope will help you have a smooth transfer to Naval Station Rota, Spain.

Like all information kits, it's not all-inclusive. But, your sponsor will be able to fill in the missing details and answer any questions you may have.

174"Bringing Your Pets To Spain;" U.S. Naval Station, Rota, Spain; updated May 9, 2002 http://www.rota.navy.mil/navsta/welcome/_files/pets.html; p. 1 of 5/9/02 9:50 AM printout.
175Michael Rubinkam; "A Chip on His Shoulder;" Associated Press article on Washington Post; published February 11, 2002; <http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A55535-2002Feb10>; p. C14; p. 1 of 4/19/02 10:51 AM printout.
176Jonathan Ewing; "Micro Dog: A Chip as Small as a Grain of Rice Will Help Keep Fido Close to Home;" Associated Press (Albany, NY) article on abcNEWS.com; published April 19, 2000; http://abcnews.go.com/sections/tech/DailyNews/Dogchips0000418.html; p. 1 of 4/19/02 10:55 AM printout.
177"Microchips Helping Reunite Lost Pets with Their Owners;" Associated Press (Philadelphia) article on yorknewstimes.com; published December 22, 2001, last updated at 11:52 PM; http://www.yorknewstimes.com/stories/122201/nat_1222010032.shtml; p. 1 of 4/19/02 11:05 AM printout.
178"Storm Center;" American Kennel Club, Incorporated Companion Animal Recovery; published 2001; http://www.akccar.org/resources/stormcenter/index.cfm; p. 1 of 4/19/02 10:48 AM printout.
179Norma Bennett Woolf; "AKC's CAR brings dogs Home Again;" National Animal Interest Alliance; published n.d., Web site text copyright 2000/2001; http://www.naiaonline.org/body/articles/archives/akcscar.htm; p. 1 of 5/7/02 6:45 AM printout.
180Laura Williams; "Microchipping for Your Dog's Safety;" PetPlace.com; published 2001; http://petplace.netscape.com/netscape/nsArtShow.asp?artID=960; p. 2 of 4/19/02 11:01 AM printout.
181Mary Deibel; "No Longer Is It a Doggone Shame When Your Pet Disappears;" Scripps Howard News Service article in Connect, published in The Columbus Dispatch; published July 10, 2000; http://www.dispatch.com/connect/connect071000/; pp. 1-2 of 4/19/02 11:04 AM printout.
182"ID Chips-Animal Registration Data;" IC Services; published 2001; <http://www.idchips.com/en/WhoWeAre.htm>; p. 1 of 5/3/02 11:06 AM printout.
183Glenn Lisle; "Ultimate Pet ID;" menagerie Magazine; published 1999; http://www.menagerie.on.ca/04-99/feature.html; p. 2 of 4/19/02 10:38 AM printout.
184"General Questions: Where is the injection site in dogs and cats?;" UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line; published 2000; http://www.gsdhelpline.com/aboutchip.htm; p. 4 of 5/7/02 10:01 AM printout.
185"Great News for Military Dependent Pets!"; Pacific Air Forces News Service article, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, in Military Living's Military Dependent Pet Press Releases published by Military Living Publications; "This page last updated: October 23, 2001": copyright 1997-2001; http://www.militaryliving.com/petpress.html; p. 11 of 5/9/02 9:14 AM printout.
186Spc. Sheila Hamlett, Veterinary Services, Fort Knox, Ky.; "Microchipping Brings Lost Pets Home": "Editor's Note: This article originally appeared in Inside The Turret. Spc. Amy S. Pierce of Fort Leavenworth Veterinary Services also contributed to this article.;" The Fort Leavenworth Lamp Online: Online Archives from The Fort Leavenworth Lamp; published April 11, 2002; ;http://www.ftleavenworthlamp.com/archives/index.inn?loc=detail&doc=/2002/April/11-1456-news6.txt p. 1 of 5/9/02 9:05 AM printout.
187Capt. Wendy May, 319th Veterinary Clinic; "Chip Can Help Keep Your Pet Safe;" The Leader Online; Grand Forks Air Force Base; published June 15, 2001; http://www.grandforks.af.mil/15jun.asp; p. 2 of 5/7/02 10:09 AM printout.
188"Companion Animals Regulation 1999 under the Companion Animals Act 1998;" 1999 No 279; "New South Wales, Australia: Government Information Service;" updated November 7, 2001; <http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/download.cgi/download/au/legis/nsw/consol_reg/car1999265.rtf>; Item 6 (2) of 5/30/02 download and printout.
189"Frequently Asked Questions: 5. Can the microchip move once it is inserted?;" PetNet.ca: PetNet Microchip Identification: Canada's National Pet Registry; published n.d.; http://www.petnet.ca/petnet_live/servlet/Faq; p. 1 of 4/19/02 11:07 AM printout.
190Laura Williams; "Microchipping for Your Dog's Safety;" PetPlace.com; published 2001; http://petplace.netscape.com/netscape/nsArtShow.asp?artID=960; pp. 1-2 of 4/19/02 11:01 AM printout.
191"General Questions: Can the microchip move around once inside the body of the animal?;" UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line; published 2000; http://www.gsdhelpline.com/aboutchip.htm; p. 4 of 5/7/02 10:01 AM printout.
192Julia Scheeres; "Dog Bytes Say More Than Bark;" Wired News; published March 15, 2001; http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,42430,00.html; p. 2 of 7/24/02 10:35 AM printout.
193Jonathan Ewing; "Micro Dog: A Chip as Small as a Grain of Rice Will Help Keep Fido Close to Home;" Associated Press (Albany, NY) article on abcNEWS.com; published April 19, 2000; http://abcnews.go.com/sections/tech/DailyNews/Dogchips0000418.html; pp. 1, 3 of 4/19/02 10:55 AM printout.
194"Frequently Asked Questions: 8. What about collar tags and tattoos?;" PetNet.ca: PetNet Microchip Identification: Canada's National Pet Registry; published n.d.; <http://www.petnet.ca/petnet_live/servlet/Faq>; p. 1 of 4/19/02 11:07 AM printout.
195Laura Williams; "Microchipping for Your Dog's Safety;" PetPlace.com; published 2001; http://petplace.netscape.com/netscape/nsArtShow.asp?artID=960; p. 2 of 4/19/02 11:01 AM printout.
196Mary Deibel; "No Longer Is It a Doggone Shame When Your Pet Disappears;" Scripps Howard News Service article in Connect, published in The Columbus Dispatch; published July 10, 2000; http://www.dispatch.com/connect/connect071000/; p. 2 of 4/19/02 11:04 AM printout.
197Glenn Lisle; "Ultimate Pet ID;" menagerie Magazine; published 1999; http://www.menagerie.on.ca/04-99/feature.html; pp. 3-4 of 4/19/02 10:38 AM printout.
198Capt. Wendy May, 319th Veterinary Clinic; "Chip Can Help Keep Your Pet Safe;" The Leader Online; Grand Forks Air Force Base; published June 15, 2001; <http://www.grandforks.af.mil/15jun.asp>; p. 2 of 5/7/02 10:09 AM printout.
199"The Companion Animals Act 1998, Frequently Asked Questions;" New South Wales Department of Local Government; published n.d. [published August 2000: http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/documents/information/cafaqg.pdf version, 3rd edition]; http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_cainfo.asp - 1.1; p. 2 of 5/30/02 12:06 PM printout.
200"Microchipping and Identification;" United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; published June 2000; <http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/PETS/procedures/support-info/microqa.shtml>; p. 1 of 5/7/02 9:56 AM printout.
201Julia Scheeres; "Dog Bytes Say More Than Bark;" Wired News; published March 15, 2001; http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,42430,00.html; p. 2 of 7/24/02 10:35 AM printout.
202"Microchips Helping Reunite Lost Pets with Their Owners;" Associated Press (Philadelphia) on yorknewstimes.com; published December 22, 2001, http://www.yorknewstimes.com/stories/122201/nat_1222010032.shtml; last updated at 11:52 PM; p. 2 of 4/19/02 11:05 AM printout.
203"General Questions: How long does the microchip last?;" UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line; published 2000; http://www.gsdhelpline.com/aboutchip.htm; p. 1 of 5/7/02 10:01 AM printout.
204Glenn Lisle; "Ultimate Pet ID;" menagerie Magazine; published 1999; ; pp. 2-3 of 4/19/02 10:38 AM printout. 205"Frequently Asked Questions: 5. What is the youngest age a pet can be identified?;" American Veterinary Identification Devices (AVID); published n.d.; http://www.avidid.com/faq/faq_eng_complete.html; p. 1 of 4/29/02 9:01 AM printout.
206"General Questions: How early can puppies and kittens be injected with the chip?;" UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line; published 2000; http://www.gsdhelpline.com/aboutchip.htm; p. 4 of 5/7/02 10:01 AM printout.
207"General Questions: I have toy breeds/kittens. They are so tiny. Can I use the chip?;" UK National German Shepherd Dog Help Line; published 2000; http://www.gsdhelpline.com/aboutchip.htm; p. 4 of 5/7/02 10:01 AM printout.
208"ID Chips-Animal Registration Data;" IC Services; published 2001; http://www.idchips.com/en/WhoWeAre.htm; p. 1 of 5/3/02 11:06 AM printout.
209"AVID Technology;" American Veterinary Identification Devices (AVID); published n.d.; http://www.avidid.com/technology/tech_english.html; p. 2 of 4/29/02 9:01 AM printout.

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